TOEFL Writing Task 1 Sample: Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific points made in the reading passage.

1.子项得分 Task fulfillment: 1 Organization: 2 Coherence and Cohesion: 2 Language Use: 2

2.预估分数 Estimated Score: 10 (1.25)

3.任务完成度 你的文章没有回答题目要求的问题。题目要求你总结听力中的观点，并解释它们如何对阅读文章中的观点产生怀疑。然而，你写的文章与题目无关，因此任务完成度很低。为了提高任务完成度，请确保仔细阅读题目并理解其要求。

改进建议示例：

• 在文章开头简要介绍阅读和听力材料中的观点。

• 针对每个听力材料中提到的观点，详细说明它们如何对阅读材料中的相应观点产生怀疑。

4.文章结构与组织 尽管你的文章有一定的结构，但由于内容与题目无关，这使得结构评分较低。请确保根据题目要求组织文章，并使用恰当的段落和过渡词来表达思路。

改进建议示例：

• 在引言部分简要介绍主题和两种不同观点。

• 每个主体段落都应集中讨论一个听力材料中提到的观点，并解释它们如何对阅读材料中的相应观点产生怀疑。

• 在结论部分总结文章，强调听力材料是如何对阅读材料产生怀疑的。

5. 语法批改

It is a very hard question to discuss and choice whether we should choose experienced veterans or a student who are right out of university when we startingwe're starting(He going (He is going)) a new business. In my point of view, I will choicechoose(choice vs choose) the people who are younger and here are my reasons. It is true that the people who are older face more event and have more experiences. However, one of the biggest problem of these staff is that they are so expensive. When a company running a new business, they always don't have much of the moneymoney,(This rule identifies whether commas are missing in a sentence.) which means that they have to put the money in to the most essential places. In my opinion, the most important thing of a company is it product, so we should pay out the money into the research and advertisement, but not the employees. On the other hands, younger employee doesn't mean inability, on the contrary, they always bebe always(Word order: Wrong position of adverb, e.g. 'Always I am happy. (I am always happy.)') more creative and have more motivation. That is the character that the newly established company want

Section Title: 6.文章修订

Revised Essay:

The debate over whether to hire experienced veterans or recent university graduates for a new business is a complex issue. In my perspective, opting for younger employees is the better choice, and I will outline my reasons below.

While it is undeniable that older individuals possess more experience due to their exposure to various events, one significant drawback is their high cost. New businesses often have limited financial resources, necessitating the allocation of funds to essential areas. In my opinion, the most crucial aspect of a company is its product; therefore, investments should be directed towards research and advertisement rather than employee salaries.

On the other hand, hiring younger employees does not necessarily imply incompetence. In fact, they tend to exhibit greater creativity and motivation – traits that are highly desirable in newly established companies. These qualities can compensate for their lack of experience and contribute significantly to the growth and success of the business.

Furthermore, younger employees are more likely to adapt quickly to new technologies and innovative practices in the workplace. This adaptability can prove invaluable in today's rapidly evolving business landscape, where staying ahead of competitors often hinges on embracing cutting-edge ideas and solutions.

In conclusion, while experienced veterans bring valuable expertise to a new business, the benefits of hiring younger employees – such as lower costs, increased creativity and motivation, and adaptability – make them a more suitable choice for companies with limited resources seeking growth and innovation. (247 words)

It is a very hard question to discuss and choice The debate over whether we should choose to hire experienced veterans or a student who are right out of recent university when we starting graduates for a new business. business is a complex issue (rephrased for clarity and conciseness). In my point of view, perspective, opting for younger employees is the better choice, and I will choice the people who are younger and here are outline my reasons. reasons below (rephrased to improve sentence structure).

It is true While it is undeniable that the people who are older face individuals possess more event and experience due to their exposure to various events (rephrased for clarity), one significant drawback is their high cost (added transition word). New businesses often have more experiences. However, one of the biggest problem of these staff is that they are so expensive. When a company running a new business, they always don't have much of the money which means that they have to put the money in to the most limited financial resources, necessitating the allocation of funds to essential places. areas. In my opinion, the most important thing crucial aspect of a company is it product, so we its product; therefore, investments should pay out the money into the be directed towards research and advertisement, but advertisement rather than employee salaries (improved sentence structure and clarity).

On the other hand (added transition word), hiring younger employees does not the employees. On the other hands, younger employee doesn't mean inability, on the contrary, necessarily imply incompetence. In fact, they always be more creative and have more motivation. That is the character tend to exhibit greater creativity and motivation – traits that the are highly desirable in newly established company wantcompanies (rephrased for clarity). These qualities can compensate for their lack of experience and contribute significantly to the growth and success of the business.

Furthermore (added transition word), younger employees are more likely to adapt quickly to new technologies and innovative practices in the workplace. This adaptability can prove invaluable in today's rapidly evolving business landscape, where staying ahead of competitors often hinges on embracing cutting-edge ideas and solutions (improved sentence structure).

In conclusion (added transition word), while experienced veterans bring valuable expertise to a new business, the benefits of hiring younger employees – such as lower costs, increased creativity and motivation, and adaptability – make them a more suitable choice for companies with limited resources seeking growth and innovation (summarized main points).

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Section Title: 8. Mind Map

Below is a mind map containing keywords for the essay's structure and points of lecture:

- Introduction
    - Debate
    - Experienced veterans vs. recent graduates
    - Preference for younger employees

- Experienced veterans
    - More experience
    - High cost
        - Limited financial resources
        - Allocation of funds to essential areas
        - Product research and advertisement

- Recent graduates
    - Creativity and motivation
        - Desirable traits in new businesses
        - Compensate for lack of experience
        - Contribute to growth and success
    - Adaptability to new technologies and practices
        - Rapidly evolving business landscape
        - Staying ahead of competitors with cutting-edge ideas and solutions 

- Conclusion 
    - Benefits of hiring younger employees outweigh those of experienced veterans 

Section Title: 9. Keywords

1.子项得分 Task fulfillment: 4 Organization: 4 Coherence and Cohesion: 4 Language Use: 3

2.预估分数 Estimated Score: 25

3.任务完成度 整体来说，你的文章在完成任务方面做得不错，基本上涵盖了阅读和听力中的观点。但是，你可以更详细地解释听力中的论点以及它们如何质疑阅读文章中的观点。此外，在引用听力材料时，尽量使用更精确的词汇和表达。

示例1（原文）：For instance, the company may need to maintain crew-less ships when they are in port once a month. 改进后：For instance, crew-less ships would require maintenance while in port, which would take time and prevent them from earning money during that period.

示例2（原文）：You may even control the ship without being close to the ship. 改进后：Cyber pirates could potentially take control of a crew-less ship remotely, without even being physically near the vessel.

4.文章结构与组织 从结构和组织角度来看，你的文章整体上表现良好。然而，在段落之间添加一些过渡词或短语可以使文章更连贯。此外，请确保每个段落都有一个明确的主题句，以便读者能够快速了解该段落讨论的内容。

示例1（原文）：Secondly, the author believes that crew-less ships can deal with piracy more easier than conventional ships, since the design of the crew-less ship does not own control bottons. 改进后：On the other hand, the author contends that crew-less ships would be less susceptible to piracy due to their lack of onboard controls; however, the lecturer disputes this claim.

示例2（原文）：Finally, the author puts forwards that crew-less ships can avoid more accidents than normal ships, like fire. 改进后：Lastly, while the author asserts that crew-less ships would experience fewer accidents such as fires, the lecturer counters this argument by highlighting potential issues when technology fails.

5. 语法批改

In the passage, the author presents three reasons to support the idea that (Two consecutive spaces)crew-less ships have many advantages over human crew, while the lecturer in the lecture casts doubt on each of these points.

Firstly, the author claims that crew-less ships would help to lower the costs of transportation because ship company does not need payneed to pay(Use 'to' before the base form of a verb) for crews anymore. However, the lecturer argues that this method will not save money actually, actually(comma before ending sentence with adverb). The performance of crew is still valuable. For instance, the company may need to maintain crew-less ships when they are in port once a month. During the period, the company could not earn money.

Secondly, the author believes that crew-less ships can deal with piracy more easiereasier(No 'more' or 'most' before comparatives) than conventional ships, since the design of the crew-less ship does not own control bottonsbuttons(misspelling). On the contrary, the lecturer considers that although it is true as the reading suggests. The fact is that there are many other ways to control the ship. For instance, the revise of software. You may even control the ship without being close to the ship.

Finally, the author puts forwards that crew-less ships can avoid more accidents than normal ships, like fire. Nevertheless, the lecturer refutes that we should consider the situation when technology fails. For example, the iceberg or high wind. If there is no crew on the ship, nobody will detect such a bad weather conditionsa bad weather condition(Agreement: 'a' + plural word). Therefore, we cannot rely on crew-less ships when the technology fails.

Section Title: 6.文章修订

In the passage, the author presents three reasons supporting the idea that crew-less ships have numerous advantages over those with human crews. However, the lecturer in the lecture casts doubt on each of these points.

Firstly, the author claims that crew-less ships would help lower transportation costs as companies would no longer need to pay for crews. The lecturer, however, argues that this method may not actually save money. The performance of a crew is still valuable; for instance, companies may need to maintain crew-less ships when they are in port once a month. During this period, the company could not earn money.

Secondly, the author believes that crew-less ships can more easily deal with piracy than conventional ships since they do not have control buttons. Contrarily, the lecturer considers that there are many other ways to control a ship even without direct access to its controls. For example, software updates could be manipulated by cyber pirates who might take control of a ship without being physically close to it.

Finally, the author asserts that crew-less ships can avoid more accidents than traditional ships due to their lack of human error-prone factors such as fatigue or distraction. Nevertheless, the lecturer refutes this by emphasizing situations where technology fails and human intervention is necessary. For example, adverse weather conditions like high winds or icebergs might disrupt sensor technology used for navigation. If there is no crew on board to detect such hazards manually, a crew-less ship could continue its course and cause a serious accident. Therefore, relying solely on technology without human backup may not be as safe as initially assumed in certain circumstances. (276 words)

In the passage, the author presents three reasons to support supporting the idea that that crew-less ships have many numerous advantages over those with human crew, while crews (revised for clarity and conciseness). However, the lecturer in the lecture casts doubt on each of these points.

Firstly, the author claims that crew-less ships would help to lower the transportation costs of transportation because ship company does not as companies would no longer need to pay for crews anymore. However, the lecturer (revised for grammatical correctness). The lecturer, however, argues that this method will may not actually save money actually. money. The performance of a crew is still valuable. For valuable; for instance, the company companies may need to maintain crew-less ships when they are in port once a month. month (added a semicolon to join related clauses). During the this period, the company could not earn money.

Secondly, the author believes that crew-less ships can more easily deal with piracy more easier than conventional ships, ships since the design of the crew-less ship does they do not own have control bottons. On the contrary, buttons (revised for clarity and conciseness). Contrarily, the lecturer considers that although it is true as the reading suggests. The fact is that there are many other ways to control the ship. a ship even without direct access to its controls (revised for clarity). For instance, the revise example, software updates could be manipulated by cyber pirates who might take control of software. You may even control the a ship without being physically close to the ship. it (clarified example).

Finally, the author puts forwards asserts that crew-less ships can avoid more accidents than normal ships, like fire. traditional ships due to their lack of human error-prone factors such as fatigue or distraction (revised for clarity and conciseness). Nevertheless, the lecturer refutes that we should consider the situation when this by emphasizing situations where technology fails. fails and human intervention is necessary (revised for clarity). For example, the iceberg adverse weather conditions like high winds or high wind. icebergs might disrupt sensor technology used for navigation (clarified example). If there is no crew on the ship, nobody will board to detect such a bad weather conditions. hazards manually, a crew-less ship could continue its course and cause a serious accident. Therefore, we cannot rely relying solely on crew-less ships when the technology fails.without human backup may not be as safe as initially assumed in certain circumstances (revised for clarity and conciseness).

8. Mind Map

• Essay Structure
  • Introduction
    • Author's view
    • Lecturer's view
  • Point 1: Lower transportation costs
    • Author's argument: No crew, no payment
    • Lecturer's counterargument: Maintenance costs, lost revenue during maintenance
  • Point 2: Dealing with piracy
    • Author's argument: No control buttons, harder to hijack
    • Lecturer's counterargument: Cyber piracy, software manipulation
  • Point 3: Avoiding accidents
    • Author's argument: No human error factors (fatigue, distraction)
    • Lecturer's counterargument: Technology failure, need for human intervention in certain situations

9. Keywords

1.子项得分 任务完成度：4 组织：3 连贯与衔接：3 语言使用：3

2.预估分数

22. 3.任务完成度

整体来说，你的文章回答了题目要求，概括了听力中的观点并对阅读中的论点进行了反驳。但是，有些地方可以改进以使文章更加完整和准确。首先，在第二段中，你提到“prairie dogs do not live the places where human-beings lives”，这与听力内容不符。其次，在第三段中，你提到“piairie dogs have great influence even if they are plants eaters”，这里应该详细说明他们在生态系统中的重要性。

改进示例：

1. 将“prairie dogs do not live the places where human-beings lives”改为“nowadays most of the cows raised in the U.S. do not get their food by grazing freely on grasslands, but by being fed processed feed in enclosed feeding areas”。

2. 将“piairie dogs have great influence even if they are plants eaters”改为“the underground burrows that prairie dogs create represent an important habitat for other species, and prairie dogs are a critical food source for dozens of predators”。

4.文章结构与组织 你的文章结构基本清晰，包括引言、主体和结论。但是，在组织和过渡方面还有待改进。首先，引言部分可以更明确地指出听力和阅读之间的关系。其次，主体段落中的过渡可以更自然，以便读者更容易理解。

改进示例：

1. 将“the author persents three reasons to support the idea that prairie dogs should not be listed as endangered species to gain protection form government because of their harmness, while the lecturer in the lecture casts doubt on each of these points, pointing that they are important species and should be protected”改为“the author presents three reasons against classifying prairie dogs as an endangered species, while the lecturer refutes each of these points and argues for their protection”。

2. 在主体段落中使用更自然的过渡词，如“However, the lecturer contends that…”或“In contrast, the lecturer asserts that…”。

5. 语法批改

In the passage, the author persentspresents(misspelling) three reasons to support the idea that prairie dogs should not be listed as endangered species to gain protection formfrom(Detects potentially wrong usage of "form") government because of their harmnessharness(misspelling), while the lecturer in the lecture casts doubt on each of these points, pointing that they are important species and should be protected.

Firstly, the author argues that cattle farmers regard prairie dogs as pests of agriculture, since they will compete with grass for cattlescattle(misspelling), causing economic problems eventually. On the contrary, the lecturer claims that this opinion is outdated. The prairie dogs do not live thein the(This rule identifies whether the preposition 'in' is missing in a sentence.) places where human-beings lives. InadditionallyIn additionally(misspelling), a study conducted by researchers suggests that prairie dogs have a positive impact on soil, allowing soil woto(misspelling) become fertile. Therefore, they are beneficial for grass.

Secondly, the author believes that prairie dogs do harm to human's health forto(This rule identifies wrong preposition usage.) transmit deseasedisease(misspelling) form plants to humans. However, the lecture considers that plague is aan(Use of 'a' vs. 'an') important factor, but fleas do not tend to live on humans. So it is extremely unlikely to happen infectionsin infections(This rule identifies whether the preposition 'in' is missing in a sentence.). The figures indicate that in a state of AmerianAmerican(misspelling), only ten people were infected over lastthe last(This rule identifies whether the article 'the' is missing in a sentence.) fifteen years.

Finally, the author puts forward that the prairie dogs play a little role in ecology, so we should make efforts to those which are at the top of the food chain. Nevertheless, the lecturer refutes that piairieprairie(misspelling) dogs have great influence even if they are plants eaters. They can be used as the source of food, like foxes ansand(ans (and)) some predators as well. So they are worthy.

Section Title: 6.文章修订

In the passage, the author presents three reasons to support the idea that prairie dogs should not be listed as endangered species and gain protection from the government due to their harmfulness. However, the lecturer in the lecture casts doubt on each of these points, arguing that they are important species and should be protected.

Firstly, the author argues that cattle farmers regard prairie dogs as agricultural pests since they compete with cattle for grass, eventually causing economic problems. On the contrary, the lecturer claims that this opinion is outdated. Prairie dogs do not inhabit areas where humans live. Additionally, a study conducted by researchers suggests that prairie dogs have a positive impact on soil fertility, making them beneficial for grass growth.

Secondly, the author believes that prairie dogs pose a threat to human health by transmitting diseases from plants to humans. However, the lecturer considers plague an important factor but asserts that fleas do not tend to live on humans. As a result, it is extremely unlikely for infections to occur. The figures indicate that in one American state, only ten people were infected over the last fifteen years.

Finally, the author puts forward that prairie dogs play a minimal role in ecology; therefore, efforts should be focused on protecting species at the top of the food chain. Nevertheless, the lecturer refutes this claim by emphasizing that prairie dogs have a significant ecological impact even as plant eaters. They serve as a food source for various predators such as foxes and other rare species. Consequently, their protection is warranted. (263 words)

In the passage, the author persents presents (changed "persents" to "presents" for correct spelling) three reasons to support the idea that prairie dogs should not be listed as endangered species to and gain protection form from (changed "form" to "from" for correct spelling) the government because of due to their harmness, while harmfulness. However, the lecturer in the lecture casts doubt on each of these points, pointing arguing that they are important species and should be protected.

Firstly, the author argues that cattle farmers regard prairie dogs as agricultural pests of agriculture, since they will compete with grass for cattles, cattle for grass, eventually causing economic problems eventually. problems. On the contrary, the lecturer claims that this opinion is outdated. The prairie Prairie dogs do not live the places inhabit (changed "live" to "inhabit" for a more academic tone) areas where human-beings lives. Inadditionally, humans live. Additionally (changed "Inadditionally" to "Additionally" for correct spelling and grammar), a study conducted by researchers suggests that prairie dogs have a positive impact on soil, allowing soil wo become fertile. Therefore, they are fertility (added "fertility" for clarity), making them beneficial for grass. grass growth.

Secondly, the author believes that prairie dogs do harm to human's pose a threat to human health for transmit desease form by transmitting diseases from plants to humans. However, the lecture lecturer considers that plague is a an important factor, factor but asserts that fleas do not tend to live on humans. So As a result, it is extremely unlikely to happen infections. for infections to occur. The figures indicate that in a one American state of Amerian, (changed "Amerian" to "American"), only ten people were infected over the last fifteen years.

Finally, the author puts forward that the prairie dogs play a little minimal role in ecology, so we ecology; therefore, efforts should make efforts to those which are be focused on protecting species at the top of the food chain. chain. Nevertheless, the lecturer refutes that piairie this claim by emphasizing that prairie dogs have great influence a significant ecological impact even if they are plants as plant eaters. They can be used as the serve as a food source of food, like for various predators such as foxes ans some predators as well. So they are worthy.and other rare species (added "rare species" for clarity). Consequently, their protection is warranted.

8. Mind Map

9. Keywords

Section Title: 6. Article Revision

In the passage, the author presents three reasons to support the idea that prairie dogs should not be listed as endangered species and gain protection from the government due to their harmfulness. However, the lecturer in the lecture casts doubt on each of these points, arguing that they are important species and should be protected.

Firstly, the author argues that cattle farmers regard prairie dogs as agricultural pests since they compete with cattle for grass, eventually causing economic problems. On the contrary, the lecturer claims that this opinion is outdated. Prairie dogs do not inhabit areas where humans live. Additionally, a study conducted by researchers suggests that prairie dogs have a positive impact on soil fertility, making them beneficial for grass growth.

Secondly, the author believes that prairie dogs pose a threat to human health by transmitting diseases from plants to humans. However, the lecturer considers plague an important factor but asserts that fleas do not tend to live on humans. As a result, it is extremely unlikely for infections to occur. The figures indicate that in one American state, only ten people were infected over the last fifteen years.

Finally, the author puts forward that prairie dogs play a minimal role in ecology; therefore, efforts should be focused on protecting species at the top of the food chain. Nevertheless, the lecturer refutes this claim by emphasizing that prairie dogs have a significant ecological impact even as plant eaters. They serve as a food source for various predators such as foxes and other rare species. Consequently, their protection is warranted.

1.子项得分

• Task fulfillment: 4

• Organization: 3

• Coherence and Cohesion: 3

• Language Use: 4

2.预估分数

22. ### 3.任务完成度

你的文章在任务完成度方面表现不错，能够较好地概括了阅读和听力材料中的对立观点，并尝试解释了这些观点如何相互对立。但是，为了进一步提高你的得分，建议你更详细地展开每个论点，包括更多细节和例子来支持你的总结。此外，确保你的论述直接针对阅读材料中提出的优势，并用听力材料中的信息来具体反驳这些优势。

例如：

• 在讨论成本时，可以增加一个例子说明即使没有船员，无人船只在技术故障时可能导致更高昂的维修费用。

• 在讨论海盗问题时，可以详细描述一种可能的网络攻击场景，以便读者更清楚地理解无人船只如何容易受到网络海盗的威胁。

4.文章结构与组织

Your essay has a basic structure that includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion, which is good. However, to improve the organization of your essay, you should ensure that each body paragraph focuses on a single point of contrast between the reading and listening passages. This will make your argument clearer and more compelling to the reader. Additionally, using clear transition words or phrases at the beginning of each paragraph can help guide the reader through your argument more smoothly.

Suggestions for improvement:

• Start each body paragraph with a clear topic sentence that states the main idea of the paragraph. This will help readers understand what to expect from each part of your essay.

• Use transition words or phrases like "Firstly," "In addition," and "Lastly" to introduce new points and "However," "On the other hand," or "Contrary to" when presenting opposing views.

Examples in English:

1. To improve clarity in transitioning between points about cost savings, you could write: "Firstly, while the reading suggests that crew-less ships would save on operational costs, the lecture counters this by highlighting the hidden maintenance expenses incurred during port stays."

2. For enhancing coherence when discussing piracy risks, consider: "Furthermore, despite the reading's claim about reduced piracy risks due to lack of onboard controls, the lecture introduces a novel threat - cyber piracy - which could potentially override ship's autonomous systems without physical presence."

5. 语法批改

The reading passage and the lecture discuss the pros and cons of the crew-less ships. While the reading proposes their three advantages, the lecture, on the other hand, challenges this by stating that the crew-less ships don’t offer significant advantages. To begin with, the author claims that the crew-less ships are cheaper to operate because they can sail on their own without the need to pay for the crew. Hence, they can save companies money and lower the shipping cost. However, the professor refutes this view, arguing that they cannot save companies money. According to him, the crew is valuable because they can maintain the ships while they are still operating on the sea. However, for crew-less ships, companies can only do the maintenance work while they are on the portport,(This rule identifies whether commas are missing in a sentence.) which means they have to spend extra time on maintenance and cannot earn money during that period of time. As a result, crew-less ships actually wouldn’t save money. Moving to the next point, the author asserts that the crew-less ships are less vulnerable to the piracy because the piracy will have no crew to control, have difficulties to board at sea and can’t alter the course. In contrast, the professor maintains a different opinion, stating that crew-less ships may be less vulnerable to traditional piracy but, but(comma between independent clauses) they can be quite vulnerable to computer piracy. He further explains that although they operate autonomously, these ships need updates of software. Hence, the computer piracy can take advantage of it, altering its route without being near them. Lastly, the author claims that crew-less ships can be safer because they eliminate the possibilities of human errors. Contrary to the reading’s view, the professor believes that humans can prevent accidents while techniques fail. For instance, techniques can be disrupted by high wind. Under this scenario, humans can detect the potential object and operate the ship. In other words, when techniques fail, the crew-less ships will be doomed to have accidents.

6.文章修订

The discourse surrounding the implementation of crew-less ships presents a dichotomy of perspectives, with the reading passage advocating for their advantages, while the lecture counters these assertions by highlighting significant drawbacks. Initially, the passage posits that crew-less ships represent a cost-effective alternative to traditional shipping methods, primarily due to the elimination of crew-related expenses, thereby potentially reducing operational costs and lowering shipping prices. Contrarily, the lecturer challenges this assertion by emphasizing the intrinsic value of human crews in performing ongoing maintenance at sea—a capability absent in autonomous vessels. This necessitates additional port stays for maintenance purposes for crew-less ships, inadvertently increasing costs and negating any purported financial benefits.

Furthermore, while the reading suggests that autonomous ships would be less susceptible to piracy due to the absence of a crew to coerce and potential design features making boarding difficult, the lecture introduces a nuanced perspective on vulnerability. It highlights the susceptibility of these vessels to cyber piracy through interference with software updates and navigation commands. This form of piracy could enable unauthorized redirection of vessels without physical presence, introducing a modern threat that compromises the security advantage attributed to crew-less ships.

Lastly, the reading champions autonomous ships for their potential to reduce maritime accidents attributed to human error by removing fatigue or distraction from the equation. However, this viewpoint is contested by the lecturer who underscores scenarios where human intervention is crucial. He points out that sensor technology used for navigation can fail under adverse weather conditions or when encountering unexpected obstacles—situations where human perception and experience are invaluable for averting disasters.

In essence, while autonomous shipping presents an innovative leap forward in maritime logistics, it is imperative to critically evaluate these advancements against practical challenges and potential vulnerabilities. The juxtaposition of these two perspectives underscores a complex landscape where technological progress must be balanced with considerations for safety, security, and operational viability. (313 words)

The discourse surrounding the implementation of crew-less ships presents a dichotomy of perspectives, with the reading passage and advocating for their advantages, while the lecture discuss the pros and cons of the crew-less ships. While the reading proposes their three advantages, the lecture, on the other hand, challenges this counters these assertions by stating that the crew-less ships don’t offer highlighting significant advantages. ¶ To begin with, the author claims that the crew-less ships are cheaper to operate because they can sail on their own without the need to pay for the crew. Hence, they can save companies money and lower the shipping cost. However, the professor refutes this view, arguing that they cannot save companies money. According to him, the crew is valuable because they can maintain the ships while they are still operating on the sea. However, for crew-less ships, companies can only do the maintenance work while they are on the port which means they have to spend extra time on maintenance and cannot earn money during that period of time. As a result, crew-less ships actually wouldn’t save money. ¶ Moving to the next point, the author asserts that the crew-less ships are less vulnerable to the piracy because the piracy will have no crew to control, have difficulties to board at sea and can’t alter the course. In contrast, the professor maintains a different opinion, stating drawbacks. Initially, the passage posits that crew-less ships may represent a cost-effective alternative to traditional shipping methods, primarily due to the elimination of crew-related expenses, thereby potentially reducing operational costs and lowering shipping prices. Contrarily, the lecturer challenges this assertion by emphasizing the intrinsic value of human crews in performing ongoing maintenance at sea—a capability absent in autonomous vessels. This necessitates additional port stays for maintenance purposes for crew-less ships, inadvertently increasing costs and negating any purported financial benefits.

Furthermore, while the reading suggests that autonomous ships would be less vulnerable to traditional susceptible to piracy but they can be quite vulnerable to computer piracy. He further explains due to the absence of a crew to coerce and potential design features making boarding difficult, the lecture introduces a nuanced perspective on vulnerability. It highlights the susceptibility of these vessels to cyber piracy through interference with software updates and navigation commands. This form of piracy could enable unauthorized redirection of vessels without physical presence, introducing a modern threat that although they operate autonomously, these ships need updates of software. Hence, the computer piracy can take compromises the security advantage of it, altering its route without being near them. attributed to crew-less ships.

Lastly, the author claims reading champions autonomous ships for their potential to reduce maritime accidents attributed to human error by removing fatigue or distraction from the equation. However, this viewpoint is contested by the lecturer who underscores scenarios where human intervention is crucial. He points out that crew-less ships sensor technology used for navigation can fail under adverse weather conditions or when encountering unexpected obstacles—situations where human perception and experience are invaluable for averting disasters.

In essence, while autonomous shipping presents an innovative leap forward in maritime logistics, it is imperative to critically evaluate these advancements against practical challenges and potential vulnerabilities. The juxtaposition of these two perspectives underscores a complex landscape where technological progress must be safer because they eliminate the possibilities of human errors. Contrary to the reading’s view, the professor believes that humans can prevent accidents while techniques fail. For instance, techniques can be disrupted by high wind. Under this scenario, humans can detect the potential object and operate the ship. In other words, when techniques fail, the crew-less ships will be doomed to have accidents.balanced with considerations for safety, security, and operational viability.

8. Mind Map: Essay Structure and Lecture Points

- Essay and Lecture Overview
  - Introduction
    - Topic: Implementation of crew-less ships
    - Perspectives: Advantages vs. Drawbacks
  - Body Paragraphs
    - Cost-Effectiveness
      - Reading: Lower operational costs due to no crew expenses
      - Lecture: Increased maintenance costs negate savings
    - Susceptibility to Piracy
      - Reading: Reduced risk due to lack of crew and design features
      - Lecture: Increased risk of cyber piracy affecting navigation and control
    - Reduction in Maritime Accidents
      - Reading: Decrease in human error due to automation
      - Lecture: Limitations of sensor technology in adverse conditions require human intervention
  - Conclusion
    - Summary of contrasting views on autonomous shipping 
    - Importance of evaluating technological advancements against practical challenges

9. 关键词

Sample Sentences

1. Dichotomy: "Exploring the dichotomy between traditional and modern teaching methods reveals significant insights into educational evolution."

2. Autonomous: "The development of autonomous vehicles seeks to revolutionize urban transport systems."

3. Cyber Piracy: "With the rise in digital connectivity, cyber piracy has become an alarming threat to global maritime security."

4. Intrinsic Value: "Art collectors often debate over the intrinsic value versus market value when acquiring new pieces."

5. Susceptibility: "Plants' susceptibility to pests varies significantly across species, necessitating tailored protection measures."

6. Adverse: "Farmers often have contingency plans ready for dealing with adverse weather conditions during critical growing periods."

7. Maintenance: "Regular maintenance is crucial for prolonging the lifespan and efficiency of mechanical equipment."

8. Operational Viability: "For startups, achieving operational viability within the first year can be indicative of long-term success."

9. Negate: "Recent findings negate earlier theories about the dietary habits of early humans."

10. .Redirection: "Effective redirection strategies can help manage traffic flow during city events, minimizing congestion."