TOEFL TPO 74 Speaking Task 3 Sample: Explain how the example of the heron illustrates exaptation.

1.子项得分 Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2.预估分数

23. 3.表达

从表达方面来看，这个回答的发音和语速基本上是清晰和流畅的，但有时会出现不必要的停顿。为了提高口语表达能力，建议练习更自然地连接句子，减少不必要的停顿。同时注意正确发音，避免拼写错误。

4.话题发展 从话题发展方面来看，回答内容基本上是连贯和有组织的，但可以进一步完善。建议在解释鹭鸟如何运用翅膀进行适应时，更详细地描述这一过程，以便更好地说明这个例子如何体现了“异化适应”的概念。此外，在提供支持或例证时，尽量确保内容充分且相关。

5.语言使用

原文：Exhortation Exaptation(这里应该是“异化适应”，而不是“敦促”) is a phenomenon while where(这里应该用“where”而不是“while”) wild animals use their body parts designed for an old purpose and use them to cope with a new situation to improve their survival. For example, the bird heron, which eat fishes fish(“fish”在这里作为复数形式更自然) in shallow waters, they are hard to see the fish below the water surface because of the sun glare. So they use their wings, which were initially used to fly, and use the wings as an umbrella to create a shade, which enables them to see the swimming fish more clearly and more easily, so that their rate of survival improved.

修订版（140词）：

Exaptation is a phenomenon where wild animals repurpose their body parts, initially designed for one function, to adapt to new situations and enhance their survival chances. A prime example is the heron, a bird that feeds on fish in shallow waters. Due to sunlight glare on the water surface, it becomes challenging for herons to spot fish swimming beneath. Ingeniously, herons have adapted by using their wings, originally meant for flying, as a makeshift umbrella to create shade. This innovative adaptation allows herons to see fish more clearly and easily, consequently improving their survival rate.

6.思维导图

• Exaptation

  • Phenomenon
  • Repurpose body parts
  • Adapt to new situations
  • Enhance survival chances

• Example: Heron

  • Feeds on fish in shallow waters
  • Sunlight glare on water surface
  • Uses wings as makeshift umbrella
  • Creates shade to see fish clearly
  • Improves survival rate

7.关键词

1.子项得分 Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2.预估分数

23. 3.表达

总体来说，回答的表达较为清晰，但在某些地方存在一些不自然的停顿。为了提高发音的准确性，请注意一些单词的发音，例如“Acceptation”应为“Exaptation”。同时，尝试保持语速的一致性，以使表达更流畅。

4.话题发展 回答内容基本上符合题目要求，能够解释鹭鸟如何体现了“Exaptation”。但在组织结构上还有改进的空间。建议在回答中首先简要概括阅读材料中关于“Exaptation”的定义，然后详细描述听力材料中鹭鸟的例子，并强调其翅膀在新功能上的应用。最后，可以总结一下这个例子如何说明了“Exaptation”的概念。这样可以使回答更加有条理和连贯。

5.语言使用

Acceptation Exaptation(接受改为适应，因为这是正确的术语) is defined as a phenomenon sometimes animals use existing physical features for new purpose. For instance, there is a kind of bird which called heron a heron(加上定冠词'a'，使句子更自然). They are waiting wading(等待改为涉水，因为这是正确的描述) birds and they always find fish to eat during the day. However, because of the reflection of the sun, it is hard to see the fish. So they find a solution that using their wings to block the sun. Before they use the wings to fly, it is their old purpose. But now they use it to block the sun, it is the new purpose. When looking for the fish, their wings form an umbrella which could block the sun. And they are able to see the fish much better than before, so they could find the fish easily.

Revised Answer (140 words):

Exaptation is defined as a phenomenon where animals sometimes use existing physical features for new purposes. For instance, there is a type of bird called a heron. Herons are wading birds that primarily feed on fish during the day. However, due to sunlight reflections on water surfaces, it can be difficult for them to see the fish. To overcome this challenge, herons have adapted to using their wings to block sunlight. Previously, their wings were solely used for flying; now they serve a dual purpose by also providing shade when searching for fish. By forming an umbrella-like canopy with their wings, herons can block sunlight and reduce glare on the water, allowing them to see fish more clearly and catch them more easily. This example demonstrates how the heron's wings have undergone exaptation, adapting to serve a new function in addition to their original purpose.

6.思维导图

Exaptation
├─ Definition
├─ Example
│   ├─ Heron
│   │   ├─ Wading bird
│   │   ├─ Feeding on fish
│   │   ├─ Sunlight reflection problem
│   │   └─ Solution: using wings to block sunlight
│   └─ Dual purpose of wings
│       ├─ Flying (old purpose)
│       └─ Blocking sunlight (new purpose)
└─ Conclusion: Heron's wings as an example of exaptation

7.关键词

1.子项得分 Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2.预估分数

23. 3.表达

从表达方面来看，回答内容较为清晰，但在某些地方存在一些不必要的停顿。建议在练习时注意语速的连贯性，尽量减少不必要的停顿。同时，注意发音的准确性，以避免拼写错误。

4.话题发展 从话题发展方面来看，回答内容基本上符合题目要求，但在组织结构上还有改进的空间。建议在练习时注意逻辑的连贯性和组织结构的清晰度，尽量在回答中提供更多具体的例子和支持论点。

5.语言使用

原文：The reading passage introduces a new concept called Acceptation, The reading passage introduces a new concept called Exaptation,（将Acceptation改为Exaptation，因为原文中的词是Exaptation，而不是Acceptation。）which means animals will use one of its existing features for a new purpose, which refers to animals using one of their existing features for a new purpose,（将will use改为using，使句子更自然流畅。同时将its改为their，因为animals是复数。）which allows them to respond to additional challenges in its environment. allowing them to respond to additional challenges in their environment.（将which allows改为allowing，使句子更自然流畅。同时将its改为their，因为animals是复数。）

In the lecture, professors take an example of a kind of bird named Huron to illustrate this concept. In the lecture, the professor uses the example of a bird called Heron to illustrate this concept.（将professors改为professor，因为只有一个教授在讲课。将Huron改为Heron，因为原文中的鸟名是Heron，而不是Huron。）

This kind of bird, Huron, lives near the rivers and marshes in Africa, and they walk around during the day and eat fish, swim in rivers and marshes. This bird, the Heron, lives near rivers and marshes in Africa, and it walks around during the day, eating fish that swim in rivers and marshes.（将Huron改为Heron，因为原文中的鸟名是Heron，而不是Huron。同时调整句子结构，使其更自然流畅。）

However, there is a trouble. This fish is pretty hard to see because of the sunlight reflection and clearing. However, there is a challenge. The fish are difficult to see due to sunlight reflection and glare.（将trouble改为challenge，使句子更自然。将This fish改为The fish，因为指的是多条鱼。将clearing改为glare，使句子更准确。）

But over time, the Huron find out a new solution to involve in using their wings, which is originally used to fly, and now it is used to block the sunlight. And as a result, Huron are able to see the fish better. Over time, the Heron has found a new solution by using its wings, which were originally used for flying, but now also serve to block sunlight. As a result, the Heron can see the fish more clearly.（将Huron改为Heron，因为原文中的鸟名是Heron，而不是Huron。调整句子结构，使其更自然流畅。）

Revised Answer (140 words):

The reading passage introduces a new concept called Exaptation, which refers to animals using one of their existing features for a new purpose, allowing them to respond to additional challenges in their environment. In the lecture, the professor uses the example of a bird called Heron to illustrate this concept. This bird, the Heron, lives near rivers and marshes in Africa, and it walks around during the day, eating fish that swim in rivers and marshes. However, there is a challenge. The fish are difficult to see due to sunlight reflection and glare. Over time, the Heron has found a new solution by using its wings, which were originally used for flying, but now also serve to block sunlight. As a result, the Heron can see the fish more clearly.

6.思维导图

• Exaptation

  • Definition
  • Animals adapting to challenges

• Heron

  • African bird
  • Lives near rivers and marshes
  • Eats fish

• Challenge

  • Sunlight reflection and glare
  • Difficulty seeing fish

• Solution

  • Using wings for a new purpose
  • Blocking sunlight
  • Improved visibility of fish

7.关键词

1.Sub Scores

Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2.Estimated Scores

23. 3.Delivery

The speaker's delivery is generally clear and fluid, but there are some occasional pauses and slight issues with word choice. To improve, the speaker should practice speaking more consistently and work on using more precise vocabulary. Additionally, focusing on pronunciation will help eliminate any confusion caused by spelling errors.

4.Topic Development

The response is coherent and well-organized, with a clear connection between ideas and sufficient support from the lecture. However, there is room for improvement in providing more specific details from the reading passage and lecture to better illustrate the concept of exaptation. The speaker should also work on using more varied sentence structures to enhance the overall flow of the response.

5.Language Use

Original Answer: The concept of exaptation refers to a phenomenon that some species use their physical stuffs for other functions. The concept of exaptation refers to a phenomenon in which some species use their physical features for different functions. (Changed "stuffs" to "features" and rephrased the sentence for clarity) In the lecture, the professor showed us an example of a bird. This kind of bird usually eat fish in the sea, but it is hard to see the fish because of sunlight. The sunlight can be reflected and make the bird feel dizzy. So the bird's wings are originated to fly, but this time this bird will use their wings to block the sun and shadow the fish to eliminate the glares and the birds can see and catch the fish better and make it easier to catch the fish.

Revised Answer (140 words):

The concept of exaptation refers to a phenomenon in which some species use their physical features for different functions. In the lecture, the professor provided an example of a heron, a type of wading bird that typically feeds on fish in rivers and marshes. However, due to sunlight reflecting off the water's surface, it can be difficult for these birds to spot fish. To overcome this challenge, herons have adapted their wings, originally meant for flying, to block sunlight and create shade over the water. By holding their wings above their heads like a canopy or umbrella, herons can effectively eliminate glare on the water's surface, allowing them to see and catch fish more easily. This example demonstrates how exaptation enables animals to repurpose existing physical features in response to environmental challenges.

6.Mind Map

• Exaptation

  • Phenomenon
  • Physical features
  • Different functions

• Heron example

  • Wading bird
  • Feeds on fish
  • Sunlight reflection challenge
  • Adapted wings
    • Block sunlight
    • Create shade
    • Eliminate glare
  • Improved fish-catching ability

7.Key Words

1.子项得分 Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2.预估分数

23. 3.表达

从表达方面来看，说话者的语言流利度和语速基本一致，仅有少数停顿。但是，有些标点问题是由于不恰当的停顿造成的。所有拼写错误都是由于发音不准确造成的。请忽略大小写错误。为了提高表达能力，建议说话者注意在练习发音时更加关注正确的发音，并在练习时尝试减少不必要的停顿。

4.话题发展 The speaker provided a coherent response, but there is room for improvement in topic development. The response could be better organized by first explaining the concept of exaptation and then providing the example of the heron using its wings to block sunlight and create shade to see fish more clearly. Additionally, the speaker should emphasize that this is an example of exaptation because the heron is using its wings for a new purpose in addition to their original function of flying. To improve topic development, the speaker should focus on providing a clear explanation of the concept and connecting it to the example more effectively.

5.语言使用

Original Answer: Well, the expectation is suggested that animals use their body to respond to additional challenges. Take an example to explain this. There is a bird lived in Africa who was fed by the water fish. However, if the sunlight is too strong, it is difficult for the bird to see the fish. So they need to block the sunlight, and they fly across the sea and they put up their wings as an umbrella to hold the sunlight so that they can see the fish.

Corrected Answer: Well, exaptation suggests that animals use their body features to respond to additional challenges. For instance, there is a heron living in Africa that feeds on fish in the water. However, if the sunlight is too intense, it becomes difficult for the heron to see the fish. To overcome this challenge, the heron flies over the water and raises its wings like an umbrella to block the sunlight, enabling it to see the fish more clearly. (原文中的"expectation"应改为"exaptation"，以正确表达概念。同时，将"bird lived"改为"heron living"以更准确地描述鸟类。此外，将"fed by the water fish"改为"feeds on fish in the water"以更自然地表达鸟类的食物来源。最后，将“hold”改为“block”，使句子更通顺。)

Revised Answer (140 words): Exaptation refers to animals utilizing their existing body features for new purposes in response to environmental challenges. A prime example of this can be observed in a heron species native to Africa. These herons primarily feed on fish found in rivers and marshes. However, intense sunlight can create glare on the water's surface, making it difficult for the heron to spot fish. To overcome this obstacle, the heron has adapted to use its wings for a secondary purpose. By flying over the water and raising its wings like an umbrella, the heron effectively blocks sunlight and reduces glare. This allows the heron to see fish more clearly, increasing its chances of catching prey. This example demonstrates exaptation as the heron has found an additional use for its wings beyond their primary function of flying.

6.思维导图

• Exaptation

  • Definition
  • Environmental challenges

• Heron example

  • Feeding on fish
  • Sunlight glare problem
  • Wings adaptation
    • Umbrella-like function
    • Improved visibility

7.关键词

1.Sub Scores Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2.Estimated Scores

23. 3.Delivery

The speaker's delivery is generally clear and fluid, with a consistent pace and only occasional pauses. However, there are some minor issues with punctuation and pronunciation that could be improved. For example, the speaker should work on pronouncing "glue" as "glare" and "birds" as "fish." Additionally, the speaker should practice using appropriate pauses to make the speech sound more natural.

4.Topic Development The response is coherent and well-organized, with clear connections between ideas and sufficient support or examples. The speaker effectively explains how the heron's use of its wings to block the sun illustrates exaptation. However, there is room for improvement in providing more specific details from the listening passage, such as mentioning that the heron lives near rivers and marshes in Africa. Additionally, the speaker should work on using more varied vocabulary and sentence structures to make the response more engaging.

5.Language Use

Adaptation Exaptation (corrected to match the term from the reading passage) is a behavior that animals use one of its existing features for new purposes. For example, a type of heron is a wading bird and they live in shallow water. They capture fish for food. However, they sometimes find it hard to see fish because the sunlight is so strong that it will reflect on the surface of the water. Then they figure out a solution. They use their wings, which were originally used for flying, to block the sun. They will put their wings above their head and form an umbrella, which creates shade to block the sun. By that way, they can eliminate the glue glare (corrected for accurate vocabulary). As a result, they can see birds fish (corrected to match the context) better and more clearly, so that they can catch more fish.

Revised Answer (140 words):

Exaptation is a process in which animals utilize one of their existing features for new purposes to adapt to environmental challenges. A prime example of this is seen in a specific type of heron, a wading bird that inhabits shallow waters near rivers and marshes in Africa. These herons primarily feed on fish but often struggle to spot them due to the glare caused by sunlight reflecting off the water's surface. To overcome this obstacle, herons have adapted to use their wings, initially meant for flying, as a means to block the sun. By holding their wings above their heads, they create a shade that eliminates the glare, allowing them to see fish more clearly and ultimately catch more prey. This innovative use of their wings exemplifies exaptation, as the herons continue to use their wings for flying while also employing them for a new purpose.

6.Mind Map

• Exaptation
  • Definition
  • Heron example
    • Wading bird
    • Feeding on fish
    • Sun glare problem
    • Wing adaptation
      • Blocking sun
      • Shade creation
      • Improved fish visibility

7.Key Words

1.子项得分 Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2.预估分数 Estimated Score: 23

3.表达 从表达方面来看，这位同学的回答基本上清晰流畅，但在某些地方还有一些不必要的停顿。为了提高口语表达能力，建议同学在练习时注意保持语速的一致性，并尽量减少不必要的停顿。此外，尝试提高发音的准确性，以避免拼写错误。

4.话题发展 In terms of topic development, the response is generally coherent and well-organized, with clear connections between ideas. However, there is room for improvement in providing more accurate and detailed information from the listening passage. For example, the response incorrectly states that herons' bodies reflect sunlight, while the actual challenge for herons is the glare on the water's surface caused by sunlight. To improve, focus on accurately capturing key points from the listening passage and providing sufficient support or examples to better illustrate exaptation.

5.语言使用

Original: Acceptation Exaptation(接受改为Exaptation，因为这是正确的术语) means that animals can use existing features for new purposes in order to adapt to the changing environment. The professor in the conversation provides a crystal clear example about this. There's a kind of bird called heron. It's really hard to see herons under the sunshine because their body can reflect the sunshine. Birds usually use wings to fly but herons find out that they can use their wings to block the sunshine, create a shade on the surface of the water so that they can look the fish and eat them better. In this case, heron's wings are like umbrellas. They can eliminate the glare of the sunshine so the herons can eat fish and catch them and eat them.

Revised (140 words): Exaptation means that animals can use existing features for new purposes in order to adapt to their changing environment. The professor provides a clear example of this with a type of heron. This bird faces difficulty seeing fish in rivers and marshes due to glare on the water's surface caused by sunlight. Although birds typically use their wings for flying, herons have discovered that they can also use their wings to block sunlight, creating shade on the water's surface, which allows them to see and catch fish more effectively. In this case, the heron's wings serve as umbrellas, eliminating glare from sunlight and enabling them to better locate and consume fish. This demonstrates how exaptation allows animals to repurpose existing features for new functions in response to environmental challenges.

6.思维导图

Exaptation
├─ Definition
│   └─ Animals using existing features for new purposes
├─ Example
│   ├─ Heron
│   │   ├─ Difficulty seeing fish due to glare on water
│   │   └─ Uses wings to block sunlight and create shade
│   └─ Result
│       └─ Better visibility and ability to catch fish
└─ Conclusion
    └─ Demonstrates how exaptation allows animals to adapt to environmental challenges

7.关键词

1.子项得分

• 交付：3

• 语言使用：3

• 话题发展：3

2.预估分数

• 总分：23

3.表达 回答中的发音和语速基本上是清晰和流畅的，但有时会出现不必要的停顿。为了提高口语表达能力，建议在练习时注意保持连贯性和一致性，尽量减少不必要的停顿。同时，注意正确发音，以免出现拼写错误。

4.话题发展 回答内容基本上是连贯和组织良好的，但在解释鹭鸟如何说明适应性时，可以更详细地描述鹭鸟如何利用翅膀遮阳。例如，可以提到鹭鸟将翅膀放在头顶形成遮阳伞，从而消除水面的眩光。此外，在描述过程中注意使用恰当的词汇，例如将“knead blade”改为“canopy”或“umbrella”。为了提高话题发展能力，请在练习时关注提供充分的支持和例子，并确保观点之间有明确的联系。

5.语言使用

原文：The passage talks about the concept of adaptation. The passage discusses the concept of exaptation. (原文中的“adaptation”应为“exaptation”，因为文章讨论的是适应性的一种特殊形式。) It means that animals sometimes may use their existing features to serve some new functions as well as on the old functions. This means that animals may sometimes use their existing features for new purposes while still serving their original functions. (修改了句子结构，使其更清晰易懂。) The professor takes the herring heron (拼写错误，应为“heron”而非“herring”。) as an example. The herring heron is a kind of bird that lives in the water. Sometimes they will walk in the shallow water to find some fish for food. However, it is hard to see the fish under the strong sunshine. So the herring heron will use their wings to prevent the problem. Usually, they use wings to fly. However, when the sunshine is strong, they will use wings to block the sun. They will put their wings above their hands heads (应为“heads”而非“hands”，因为鸟类没有手。) and then it will serve as a knead blade canopy (“knead blade”不合适，应使用“canopy”来描述遮阳伞状物。). So then they can see fish better.

修订版（140词）：

The passage discusses the concept of exaptation, which means that animals may sometimes use their existing features for new purposes while still serving their original functions. The professor uses the heron as an example. The heron is a type of bird that lives near water and often walks in shallow water to find fish for food. However, it is difficult to see the fish under the strong sunshine. To solve this problem, the heron uses its wings to block the sun. While wings are typically used for flying, when the sunshine is intense, the heron will put its wings above its head, creating a canopy to block the sunlight. This allows the heron to see the fish more clearly and improves its ability to catch them.

6.思维导图

• Exaptation

  • Definition
  • Original functions

• Heron example

  • Living near water
  • Finding fish for food
  • Difficulty seeing fish

• Wings usage

  • Flying
  • Blocking sunlight
    • Creating canopy

7.关键词

1.子项得分 Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2.预估分数 Estimated Score: 23

3.表达 从表达方面来看，回答中的发音大部分清晰，语速较为稳定。但仍有部分地方需要改进。例如，"Acceptation" 应为 "Exaptation"。建议在发音和词汇运用方面多加练习，以提高语言准确性和流利度。

4.话题发展 The response is coherent and well-organized, with a clear connection between the reading and listening materials. However, there is room for improvement in topic development. The speaker should provide more specific details from the listening passage, such as mentioning that the heron is a wading bird and explaining how it uses its wings to create shade while looking for fish. Additionally, it would be helpful to emphasize that the heron still uses its wings for flying, which demonstrates the dual-purpose aspect of exaptation. By incorporating these details, the response will be more comprehensive and better illustrate the concept of exaptation.

5.语言使用

Original Answer: Acceptation Exaptation(接受改为适应) is a phenomenon that animals use one of its existing features for a new purpose to respond to a particular challenge. Additionally, those animals will continue to use this feature as a new old function. For example, the professor Alastair Heron mentioned a heron(删除Alastair，改为提到一种苍鹭) , who spent time in the shallow water and always ate fish for food. However, it is always hard for them to see the fish when the sunlight creates glare and reflections. So the Heron came up with a solution involving using its wings to block the sun, put it above the head, holding its wings to form like an umbrella instead of flying. So in this way, which makes it possible to see the fish more easily. Consequently, this is an example of Acceptation Exaptation(接受改为适应).

Revised Answer (140 words):

Exaptation is a phenomenon in which animals repurpose one of their existing features to address a specific challenge in their environment. Furthermore, these animals continue to use this feature for both its original and new functions. For instance, the professor mentioned a heron that lives near shallow waters and primarily feeds on fish. However, spotting fish can be difficult due to sunlight glare and reflections on the water's surface. To overcome this challenge, the heron developed a strategy of using its wings to block sunlight by holding them above its head like an umbrella while searching for fish. This dual-purpose use of its wings for both flying and creating shade exemplifies exaptation, as the heron has adapted an existing feature to better respond to its environment.

6.思维导图

• Exaptation

  • Phenomenon
  • Existing features
  • New purpose
  • Dual-purpose use

• Heron example

  • Shallow waters
  • Fish feeding
  • Sunlight glare
  • Wings adaptation
    • Block sunlight
    • Umbrella-like shade

7.关键词