TOEFL TPO 41 Speaking Task 3 Sample: Using the two examples from the professor’s lecture, explain what is meant by “the primacy effect" and how it can affect our opinions.

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Primacy Effect When people form opinions about a person or a situation, those opinions are likely to be based on first impressions, on an initial assessment of the person or situation. In other words, the opinions we have of people or situations tend to be based much more on the first information we team about them than on information we learn later. This tendency is called the primacy effect. Researchers believe that the primacy effect occurs because after people have made an initial judgment, they tend to notice evidence that supports that judgment, and disregard or fail to notice evidence that contradicts it.

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Using the two examples from the professor’s lecture, explain what is meant by “the primacy effect" and how it can affect our opinions.

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1.Sub Scores Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2.Estimated Scores

23. 3.Delivery

The speaker's delivery is generally clear and fluid, but there are some occasional pauses that could be improved. To enhance the delivery, the speaker should practice speaking more consistently and work on reducing unnecessary pauses. Additionally, focusing on accurate pronunciation will help eliminate any spelling errors that may arise from mispronunciation.

4.Topic Development The response provides a coherent and well-organized explanation of the primacy effect using examples from the professor's lecture. However, there is room for improvement in terms of providing more detailed connections between the examples and the concept of the primacy effect. To enhance topic development, the speaker should focus on elaborating on how the examples specifically demonstrate the primacy effect and its impact on people's opinions.

5.Language Use

Original: ~~Supremacy effect~~ Primacy effect (The term used in the reading passage and lecture is "primacy effect," not "supremacy effect.") is a tendency where people's opinions towards a person or a situation are greatly affected by their first impression. In the professor's lecture, the professor compels (The correct word should be "compares") himself to one of his classmates. The difference between them is that the professor successfully completed the first task in the lab and leave (The correct form should be "left") a good impression to his boss as a result. However, his classmate didn't. This greatly affected the attitude of their bosses, regardless of the future appearance of them.

Revised (140 words):

The primacy effect is a tendency where people's opinions towards a person or a situation are greatly influenced by their first impression. In the professor's lecture, he compares himself to one of his coworkers, highlighting the differences in their initial experiences at the lab. The professor successfully completed his first task and left a positive impression on his boss as a result. In contrast, his coworker made a mistake during her first week, which negatively impacted her boss's perception of her abilities. Despite their subsequent performances, their boss continued to view them based on their initial impressions. This illustrates how the primacy effect can significantly affect our opinions of others, even when later information contradicts those initial assessments. To achieve a better understanding of someone's abilities or a situation, it is essential to consider all available information rather than relying solely on first impressions.

6.Mind Map

Primacy effect
- Definition
- Influence on opinions
Professor's lecture
- Personal example
  - Positive first impression
  - Negative first impression
- Impact on boss's perception
Importance of considering all information

7.Key Words

Word	Phonetic Symbols	Parts of Speech	English Definition	Sample Sentence
Primacy effect	/ˈpraɪməsi ɪˈfɛkt/	Noun	The tendency for people to form opinions based on their first impressions of a person or situation.	The primacy effect can lead to biased opinions, as it relies heavily on initial impressions rather than considering all evidence.
Perception	/pərˈsɛpʃən/	Noun	The way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted.	Her boss's perception of her abilities was negatively impacted by the mistake she made during her first week at work.
Contradict	/ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkt/	Verb	To assert the opposite of a statement or idea; to be in conflict with.	The later information contradicted his initial assessment, but he still held onto his first impression due to the primacy effect.
Subsequent	/ˈsʌbsɪkwənt/	Adjective	Coming after something in time; following.	Despite their subsequent performances, their boss continued to view them based on their initial impressions.
Assessment	/əˈsɛsmənt/	Noun	The evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or something.	To make a fair assessment of someone's abilities, it is important to consider all available information, not just first impressions.