TOEFL TPO 41 Speaking Task 3 Sample: Using the two examples from the professor’s lecture, explain what is meant by “the primacy effect" and how it can affect our opinions.

1.Sub Scores Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2.Estimated Scores

23. 3.Delivery

The speaker's delivery is generally clear and fluid, with a consistent pace and only occasional pauses. However, there are some instances where the sentence structure could be improved for better clarity. To enhance the delivery, the speaker should focus on refining their sentence structure and ensuring that their ideas are expressed more concisely.

4.Topic Development The response is coherent and well-organized, with clear connections between ideas and sufficient support or examples from the lecture. However, the speaker could improve their topic development by providing more specific details from the lecture to better illustrate the primacy effect. Additionally, it would be helpful to restate the main concept of the primacy effect at the beginning of the response for better clarity. Overall, focusing on incorporating more specific examples and restating key concepts will help improve topic development.

5.Language Use

Original: In the material, we know the primary primacy effect, which is a tendency that opinions we have of people or situations are based much on the first information rather than the information we learn later. In the psychology class, we learn the illustration of this concept by the example of the professor. Before the professor teaches, he is a research assistant in the lab. At first weeks, he gives a good suggestion to the boss. In this way, it leaves a good impression in the boss' mind and it never changes. Fortunately, he is a co-worker. At first weeks, she made a mistake and they recovered the data, consuming much money and time. The boss thinks she is unreliable and it is continuous thinking.

Corrected: In the material, we learn about the primary primacy (corrected for accurate terminology) effect, which is a tendency for opinions we have of people or situations to be based more on initial information rather than on information learned later. In the psychology class, we understand this concept through an example provided by the professor. Before becoming a teacher, he was a research assistant in a lab. During his first weeks first week (corrected for accuracy), he made a valuable suggestion to his boss, leaving a lasting positive impression. Conversely, his coworker made a mistake during her first week, causing data loss and additional expenses. As a result, their boss considered her unreliable, perpetuating this belief over time.

Revised (140 words): In the material, we learn about the primacy effect, a tendency for opinions to be based more on initial information rather than on information learned later. In the psychology class, we understand this concept through an example provided by the professor. Before becoming a teacher, he was a research assistant in a lab. During his first week, he made a valuable suggestion to his boss, leaving a lasting positive impression. Conversely, his coworker made a mistake during her first week, causing data loss and additional expenses. As a result, their boss considered her unreliable, perpetuating this belief over time. This example demonstrates how the primacy effect can influence our opinions of others based on first impressions, even when subsequent actions or performance may contradict those initial judgments.

6.Mind Map

- Primacy Effect
  - Definition
  - Psychology class example
    - Professor's experience
      - Positive first impression
      - Lasting impact on boss's opinion
    - Coworker's experience
      - Negative first impression
      - Continued perception of unreliability
  - Influence on opinions
    - First impressions vs. subsequent actions

7.Key Words

1.Sub Scores Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2.Estimated Scores

23. 3.Delivery

The speaker's delivery is generally clear and fluid, with a consistent pace and only occasional pauses. However, there are some areas where the speech could be improved. The speaker should work on reducing unnecessary repetitions (e.g., "in the first week") and focus on using more varied sentence structures to make the speech more engaging. Additionally, the speaker should practice pronunciation to avoid any potential misunderstandings due to inaccurate pronunciation.

4.Topic Development The response is coherent and well-organized, with clear connections between ideas and sufficient support or examples from both the reading passage and the lecture. However, there is room for improvement in terms of providing more detailed explanations of the primacy effect and its impact on people's opinions. The speaker could also mention how the professor's personal experience illustrates the primacy effect in action, as well as emphasize the contrast between the two research assistants' experiences. Overall, the speaker should work on expanding their response to include more in-depth analysis and discussion of the topic.

5.Language Use

The reading passage focuses on the concept of primacy effect the primacy effect(added "the" for proper article usage). It talks about how people form opinions for of(changed "for" to "of" for correct preposition usage) the person based on first impressions. The professor in the lecture gives a perfect example. The example is the professor was a scientist that when the professor was a scientist(rephrased for clarity and natural flow) in a laboratory and when he joined the team in the first week, he did a great performance. In the future, his boss appreciated him and trusted him even though he made some mistakes. But in the contract, on the other hand,(changed "in the contract" to "on the other hand" for proper transition) his colleague made a big mistake in the first week and so they cost a lot of money and time to fix it. After that, his boss did not really trust her even though she did a great report. So it's a great example for illustrating that.

Revised Answer (140 words):

The reading passage focuses on the concept of the primacy effect, which explains how people form opinions of others based on first impressions. The professor in the lecture provides an excellent example by sharing his experience as a scientist in a laboratory. When he joined the team, he performed well during his first week, which led to his boss appreciating and trusting him despite making mistakes later on. On the other hand, his colleague made a significant mistake during her first week, costing the lab time and money. As a result, the boss did not trust her even though she later produced a great report. This example effectively illustrates the primacy effect and how it can impact our opinions of others based on initial impressions.

6.Mind Map

• Primacy Effect

  • First impressions
  • Opinions formation

• Professor's Example

  • Positive first impression
    • Trust and appreciation
  • Negative first impression
    • Lack of trust

• Impact on opinions

7.Key Words

1.Sub Scores Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2.Estimated Scores

23. 3.Delivery

The speaker's delivery is generally clear and fluid, but there are some occasional pauses that could be improved. To enhance the delivery, the speaker should practice speaking more consistently and work on reducing unnecessary pauses. Additionally, focusing on accurate pronunciation will help eliminate any spelling errors that may arise from mispronunciation.

4.Topic Development The response provides a coherent and well-organized explanation of the primacy effect using examples from the professor's lecture. However, there is room for improvement in terms of providing more detailed connections between the examples and the concept of the primacy effect. To enhance topic development, the speaker should focus on elaborating on how the examples specifically demonstrate the primacy effect and its impact on people's opinions.

5.Language Use

Original: Supremacy effect Primacy effect (The term used in the reading passage and lecture is "primacy effect," not "supremacy effect.") is a tendency where people's opinions towards a person or a situation are greatly affected by their first impression. In the professor's lecture, the professor compels (The correct word should be "compares") himself to one of his classmates. The difference between them is that the professor successfully completed the first task in the lab and leave (The correct form should be "left") a good impression to his boss as a result. However, his classmate didn't. This greatly affected the attitude of their bosses, regardless of the future appearance of them.

Revised (140 words):

The primacy effect is a tendency where people's opinions towards a person or a situation are greatly influenced by their first impression. In the professor's lecture, he compares himself to one of his coworkers, highlighting the differences in their initial experiences at the lab. The professor successfully completed his first task and left a positive impression on his boss as a result. In contrast, his coworker made a mistake during her first week, which negatively impacted her boss's perception of her abilities. Despite their subsequent performances, their boss continued to view them based on their initial impressions. This illustrates how the primacy effect can significantly affect our opinions of others, even when later information contradicts those initial assessments. To achieve a better understanding of someone's abilities or a situation, it is essential to consider all available information rather than relying solely on first impressions.

6.Mind Map

• Primacy effect

  • Definition
  • Influence on opinions

• Professor's lecture

  • Personal example
    • Positive first impression
    • Negative first impression
  • Impact on boss's perception

• Importance of considering all information

7.Key Words

1.子项得分 Delivery: 2.5 Language Use: 2.5 Topic Development: 3

2.预估分数

19. 3.表达

在表达方面，发言者的语速较快，但整体流畅度尚可。建议发言者在发音时注意清晰度，并适当控制语速，以便听众更好地理解。此外，注意在适当的地方停顿，以增强语言表达的连贯性。

4.话题发展 在话题发展方面，发言者成功地使用了教授的两个例子来解释“首要效应”的含义以及它如何影响我们的观点。然而，在回答中有些词汇和表述不够准确，如“preference efficiency”应为“primacy effect”。建议发言者在描述阅读材料和听力内容时更加准确地使用词汇和表述，并尝试提供更多细节来支持观点。

5.语言使用

原文：The reading materials gives an item called preference efficiency. The reading passage introduces a concept called the primacy effect. (原文中的“preference efficiency”不准确，应为“primacy effect”。) The preference efficiency is a person gives people an impression based on the first information of the person. The primacy effect refers to forming opinions about someone based on their initial information. (原文表述不清晰，改为更准确的描述。) For example, the professor, for the first time for professor at the lab, he gave suggestion to the boss. So the boss thought the professor was a good researcher, but his co-worker made a mistake at the first time at the lab. The boss thought the co-worker is unreliable, though the co-worker is better than the professor.

Revised Answer (140 words):

The reading passage introduces a concept called the primacy effect, which refers to forming opinions about someone based on their initial information. In the lecture, the professor provides two examples to illustrate this phenomenon. In his first week working at a laboratory, he made a valuable suggestion that improved an experiment, leading his boss to view him as an excellent research assistant. Despite making mistakes later on, his boss's opinion remained unchanged. On the other hand, his coworker made a significant error during her first week, causing their boss to perceive her as unreliable and incompetent. Although she proved to be a better research assistant than the professor over time, her boss continued to focus on her mistakes due to the primacy effect. These examples demonstrate how first impressions can significantly influence our opinions of others.

6.思维导图

- Primacy Effect
  - Definition
  - Professor's Example
    - Positive First Impression
      - Valuable suggestion
      - Boss's opinion
    - Negative First Impression
      - Significant error
      - Boss's perception
  - Influence on Opinions

7.关键词

1.子项得分 Delivery: 2.5 Language Use: 2.5 Topic Development: 3

2.预估分数

19. 3.表达

从表达方面来看，这位考生的语速较快，但在某些地方存在不适当的停顿。此外，发音也有一定的不准确之处。建议考生在练习时注意语速的控制，适当放慢，并尝试在句子间加入自然的停顿。同时，多加练习发音，以提高准确度。

4.话题发展 从话题发展方面来看，考生对阅读材料和听力材料的理解较好，能够结合教授的例子解释“primacy effect”的含义。但在组织结构上还有待提高。建议考生在回答问题时先简要介绍阅读材料中的概念，然后再详细描述听力材料中的例子，并明确指出这些例子是如何说明“primacy effect”的。同时，在描述例子时要注意使用恰当的连接词，使句子更加连贯。

5.语言使用

Original Answer: The reading material gave a term called proficiency efficiency. The reading passage introduces a concept called the primacy effect. (原文中的词汇和概念表述不准确，已进行修正。) The proficiency efficiency is a person gives people an impression based on the first information of the person. The primacy effect refers to the tendency of forming opinions about someone based on their initial impression. (句子结构和表达不清晰，已进行调整。) For example, the professor gave an example of this term. The professor, the first day in his lab, and he suggested his boss a good suggest. On his first day in the lab, the professor made a good suggestion to his boss. (句子结构和语法有误，已进行修正。) So after the first day of the experiments, the boss gave the professor a good name called he's a good researcher, though the professor also made a mistake at some time. As a result, after that day, the boss considered him a great research assistant despite his occasional mistakes. (句子结构和表达不清晰，已进行调整。) But his co-worker made a mistake at the first day. The bosses think that his co-worker is an unreliable person, though the co-worker is better than the professor. However, his coworker made a mistake on her first day, leading the boss to view her as unreliable, even though she was actually more competent than the professor. (句子结构和语法有误，已进行修正。)

Revised Answer (140 words):

The reading passage introduces a concept called the primacy effect. The primacy effect refers to the tendency of forming opinions about someone based on their initial impression. For example, the professor in the listening passage shared his experience working in a lab. On his first day in the lab, he made a good suggestion to his boss, which led to a successful experiment. As a result, after that day, the boss considered him a great research assistant despite his occasional mistakes. However, his coworker made a mistake on her first day, leading the boss to view her as unreliable, even though she was actually more competent than the professor. This demonstrates how the primacy effect can significantly influence our opinions about others based on their initial actions or performance.

6.思维导图

- Primacy Effect
  - Definition
  - Professor's example
    - First day in lab
      - Good suggestion
        - Boss's positive opinion
      - Coworker's mistake
        - Boss's negative opinion
  - Influence on opinions

7.关键词

1.Sub Scores Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2.Estimated Scores

23. 3.Delivery

The speaker's delivery is generally clear and fluid, with a consistent pace and only occasional pauses. However, there are some punctuation issues that result from inappropriate pauses. Additionally, there are a few spelling errors that may be due to inaccurate pronunciation. To improve, the speaker should focus on proper pausing and pronunciation.

4.Topic Development The response is coherent and well-organized, with clear connections between ideas and sufficient support or examples from the lecture. However, the speaker could further improve by providing more specific details from the lecture to better illustrate the primacy effect. Additionally, it would be helpful to mention the reading passage's definition of the primacy effect to strengthen the connection between both sources.

5.Language Use

The lecture is about primacy effectthe primacy effect and this is when the opinions are based on first impressions rather than information we learn afterlater(change "after" to "later" for better word choice) about the person. The professor provides an example aboutfrom(change "about" to "from" for better word choice) his own life. He says that when he was working likeas(change "like" to "as" for correct word usage) an assistant in a laboratory, he saidsuggested(change "said" to "suggested" for better word choice) to his boss that he wanted to improve the way they run experiments and because of that his boss thought that he was a good researcher and every time that his boss will introduce him to somebody, he will say that he was a really good researcher. Contrary to what happened to one of his co-workers. She one time made terrible mistakes and it cost the laboratory a huge amount of money and so the boss will refer to her as a bad assistant and that she was unreliable.

Revised Answer (140 words):

The lecture discusses the primacy effect, which occurs when opinions are based on first impressions rather than information learned later about a person. The professor provides an example from his own life. He explains that when he was working as an assistant in a laboratory, he suggested to his boss an improvement in the way they conducted experiments. As a result, his boss considered him a good researcher and consistently introduced him as such. In contrast, one of his co-workers made significant mistakes during her first week, costing the laboratory time and money. Consequently, the boss perceived her as a bad assistant and unreliable, even though she later proved to be a competent researcher. This demonstrates how the primacy effect can shape our opinions based on initial impressions rather than subsequent information.

6.Mind Map

- Primacy Effect
  - Definition
  - Professor's Example
    - Personal Experience
      - Positive First Impression
        - Good Researcher
      - Negative First Impression
        - Unreliable Assistant
  - Impact on Opinions

7.Key Words

1.子项得分 Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2.预估分数

23. 3.表达

从表达方面来看，回答中的语言流利度和连贯性较好，但仍有一些不太自然的停顿。建议在练习时注意提高发音准确度，避免不必要的停顿。同时，可以多加练习，提高口语表达的自然度。

4.话题发展 从话题发展方面来看，回答内容基本上符合题目要求，能够较好地解释“首因效应”的含义，并结合教授的例子进行说明。但在组织结构上还有待加强，可以尝试使用更清晰的逻辑连接词来串联观点。此外，在举例时可以更详细地描述情境，以便更好地支持观点。

5.语言使用

Original: Primacy effect means that people tend to form opinion about a person based on first impression instead of information we learn later, and it occurs because they tend to notice evidence that supports initial judgment and discard to notice evidence that contradicts it.

Corrected: Primacy effect means The primacy effect refers to the tendency that people tend to form opinion an opinion about a person based on first impression their first impressions instead of information we learn later, and it occurs because they tend to notice evidence that supports initial judgment their initial judgments and discard to notice disregard or fail to notice evidence that contradicts it. (将“Primacy effect means”改为“The primacy effect refers to the tendency”，使句子更自然；将“opinion”改为“an opinion”，使语法更准确；将“first impression”改为“their first impressions”，使句子更通顺；将“initial judgment”改为“their initial judgments”，使句子更通顺；将“discard to notice”改为“disregard or fail to notice”，使句子更自然。)

Revised (140 words):

The primacy effect refers to the tendency for people to form an opinion about a person based on their first impressions rather than the information they learn later. This phenomenon occurs because individuals tend to notice evidence that supports their initial judgments and disregard or fail to notice evidence that contradicts them. In the professor's example, he made a positive first impression on his boss by providing a successful suggestion during his first week as a research assistant. Conversely, his coworker made a negative first impression by making a significant mistake that cost the lab time and money. Despite their subsequent performance, the boss continued to view the professor as a star research assistant and his coworker as unreliable due to the primacy effect. This example illustrates how the primacy effect can significantly impact our opinions of others based on initial impressions.

6.思维导图

• Primacy Effect
  • Definition
    • Tendency to form opinions based on first impressions
  • Occurrence
    • Notice supporting evidence for initial judgments
    • Disregard or fail to notice contradicting evidence
  • Professor's Example
    • Positive first impression: successful suggestion
    • Negative first impression: significant mistake
    • Impact on boss's opinion: primacy effect

7.关键词

1.Sub Scores Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2.Estimated Scores

23. 3.Delivery

The speaker's delivery is generally clear and fluid, but there are some occasional pauses and minor pronunciation issues. To improve, the speaker should practice speaking at a consistent pace and work on eliminating unnecessary pauses. Additionally, focusing on accurate pronunciation of words will help enhance the overall delivery.

4.Topic Development The response is coherent and well-organized, with clear connections between ideas. However, the speaker could provide more specific details from the lecture to support their explanation of the primacy effect. To improve topic development, the speaker should focus on incorporating more examples from the lecture and clearly connecting them to the concept of the primacy effect.

5.Language Use

Original: Primary effect is the opinion we have of a people or situation that tend to be based much more about the first information than information later. The lecturer presents an example of himself as he was researching in a lab. In the first week, he helped his boss to improve their work efficiently so that his boss think he is a good researcher assistant. After a week, even though he still have some small mistakes, but his boss also praised him. His another co-worker is unfortunately, she make a big mistake on the first week and used much more energy to recover it, and his boss think he is unreliable, even though he is a good researcher than him.

Corrected: Primary Primacy effect is the opinion we have of a people people or situations that tend to be based much more about to rely more on the first information than information later later information. The lecturer presents an example of himself as he was researching in a lab. In the first week, he helped his boss to improve their work efficiently so that his boss think thought he was a good research assistant. After a week, even though he still have had some small mistakes, his boss also praised him. His another co-worker is unfortunately, other coworker, unfortunately, made a big mistake in the first week and used much more energy to recover it, and his boss think thought she was unreliable, even though she was a better researcher than him.

(Primacy: corrected to match the term from the reading passage; people: corrected for grammatical agreement; to rely more on: rephrased for clarity; later information: rephrased for clarity; thought: corrected verb tense; was: corrected verb tense; had: corrected verb tense; other coworker, unfortunately,: rephrased for clarity and grammar; thought: corrected verb tense; she was a better researcher than him: rephrased for clarity)

Revised Answer (140 words):

The primacy effect refers to the tendency of people to rely more on their initial impressions of others or situations, rather than on information they learn later. The lecturer illustrates this concept with an example from his own experience as a research assistant. In his first week at the lab, he made a positive impression by suggesting an improvement to an experiment, leading his boss to view him as a great research assistant. Despite making some mistakes later on, his boss continued to praise him. In contrast, another coworker made a significant mistake during her first week, causing her boss to perceive her as unreliable. Although she proved to be a better researcher than the lecturer over time, her boss's opinion remained influenced by her initial mistake, demonstrating the primacy effect in action.

6.Mind Map

- Primacy Effect
  - Definition
  - Lecturer's example
    - Positive first impression
      - Suggestion for improvement
      - Boss's praise
    - Negative first impression
      - Coworker's mistake
      - Boss's perception of unreliability
  - Influence on opinions

7.Key Words

1.子项得分 Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2.预估分数

23. 3.表达

总体来说，发言者的表达清晰，语速适中，但偶尔有些停顿。为了提高发言质量，建议发言者注意以下几点：1）尽量减少不必要的停顿，让语言更流畅；2）注意发音的准确性，避免出现拼写错误。加强练习和纠正这些问题，将有助于提高口语表达能力。

4.话题发展 发言者对于阅读材料和听力材料的内容进行了较好的整合和概括，但在组织结构和论证方面还有待加强。建议发言者在回答问题时更加注重以下几点：1）明确主题句，突出文章中心；2）合理安排论述顺序，使观点更加有条理；3）举例时要简洁明了，避免过多的细节。通过改进这些方面，将有助于提高话题发展能力。

5.语言使用

Original Answer: The reading talks about privacy effect The reading discusses the primacy effect (将privacy改为primacy，因为这是文章中的正确术语) which makes people always look at person or situation tend to base more on the first information they learn. The professor elaborates the topic by his own experiment. When he used to be a research assistant in the lab, he gave the boss an excellent advice which helps the experiment tend to be a success. Even though he made some mistakes later, the boss do regard him as an excellent worker. On the other hand, when it's his colleague who made a huge mistake on the first week, the mistake was recovered using a lot of time and money. It proved that the colleague made fewer mistakes than the professor but the the boss do have a negative impression on him.

Revised Answer (140 words): The reading discusses the primacy effect, which causes people to base their opinions of others or situations more on initial information than on subsequent information. The professor illustrates this concept with his own experience as a research assistant in a lab. He provided valuable advice during his first week, leading to a successful experiment. Despite making mistakes later, his boss continued to view him as an exceptional worker. Conversely, his colleague made a significant error during her first week, resulting in lost time and money for the lab. Although she made fewer mistakes than the professor afterward, her boss maintained a negative impression of her due to her initial mistake. This example demonstrates how the primacy effect influences people's opinions and highlights its potential consequences in various situations.

6.思维导图

• Primacy Effect
  • Reading
    • Initial information
    • Subsequent information
  • Professor's Example
    • Research assistant
      • Valuable advice
      • Boss's positive impression
    • Colleague
      • Significant error
      • Boss's negative impression

7.关键词

1.子项得分 Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2.预估分数

23. 3.表达

总体来说，发言者的表达较为清晰，语速适中，但在某些地方存在不必要的停顿。建议发言者在练习时注意提高发音准确性，避免出现拼写错误。此外，尝试在练习中减少不必要的停顿，使语言更加流畅。

4.话题发展 发言者对于“首因效应”的解释和例子阐述得较为清楚，但在组织结构上还有待加强。建议在回答问题时，先简要介绍首因效应的定义，然后再用教授的例子进行解释。此外，在使用例子时，可以尝试更加详细地描述每个例子中的具体情况和结果，以便更好地支持观点。

5.语言使用

Original: Primacy effect is a concept in reading psychology (阅读应改为心理学) which means that the opinions we have of people or situations tend to be based much more on the first information. In a lecture, the professor uses his own experience to explain it. At his first week as a research assistant, he puts forward a method to improve the experiment, and it turns out to be great. Hence, the boss regards him as a very good research assistant even though he makes some common mistakes. However, one of his co-workers made a great mistake at her first week as an assistant. Then the boss regards her as unreliable for all the time even though she did well after that week.

Revised (140 words): The primacy effect is a concept in psychology, which suggests that our opinions of people or situations are heavily influenced by the initial information we receive. In a lecture, the professor illustrates this phenomenon using his own experience. During his first week as a research assistant, he proposed an innovative method to enhance an experiment, which yielded excellent results. Consequently, his boss perceived him as an exceptional research assistant despite his occasional errors. Conversely, one of his colleagues made a significant mistake during her first week on the job. As a result, her boss considered her unreliable throughout her tenure, even though she performed well after that initial setback.

6.思维导图

• Primacy Effect
  • Concept in Psychology
  • Initial Information
  • Professor's Experience
    • Research Assistant
      • Positive First Impression
        • Innovative Method
        • Boss's Perception
      • Negative First Impression
        • Significant Mistake
        • Boss's Perception

7.关键词

1.子项得分 Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2.预估分数

23. 3.表达

从表达方面来看，这位考生的发音大部分清晰，语速适中，但偶尔有些停顿。为了提高发音的准确性，建议考生多加练习，注意语音语调的运用。同时，注意在适当的地方停顿，以增强语言的连贯性。

4.话题发展 从话题发展方面来看，考生的回答基本上符合题目要求，能够结合教授的例子解释“首因效应”及其对我们观点的影响。但在组织结构上还有待加强，建议考生在回答时尝试使用更清晰的逻辑结构，如先总结教授的观点，再分别举例说明，并在最后进行归纳总结。这样可以使回答更加条理清晰，有助于提高话题发展得分。

5.语言使用

Original Answer: In this section of material, Eben Pesic talks about primacy effect, which means opinions we have mainly based on the first information we learn about others. In this passage, the reading material discusses the primacy effect, which refers to the tendency of forming opinions based on the initial information we learn about others. (将Eben Pesic改为reading material，将primacy effect的解释进行了修改，使其更准确。)

In the psychology lecture, the professor used example of his experience in the research system to explain his projects. In the psychology lecture, the professor provided an example from his experience in a research laboratory to illustrate this concept. (对原句进行了修改，使其更符合原文意思。)

In the first week of his work, he made a suggestion to the boss and discussed a good experiment. During his first week at work, he made a valuable suggestion to his boss regarding an experiment. (对原句进行了修改，使其更准确。)

So his boss always thinks he is a good starter researcher. Then, in the late, he also made some mistakes, but his boss did not care that. However, in contrast, his collaborators make good mistakes in the first week and led the boss to lose a lot of money. So, even his collaborator has a good performance, in the late, the boss always said that his collaborator is not reliable.

Revised Answer (140 words):

In this passage, the reading material discusses the primacy effect, which refers to the tendency of forming opinions based on the initial information we learn about others. In the psychology lecture, the professor provided an example from his experience in a research laboratory to illustrate this concept. During his first week at work, he made a valuable suggestion to his boss regarding an experiment. As a result, his boss formed a positive impression of him and considered him a great research assistant. Despite making some mistakes later on, his boss continued to hold this opinion. In contrast, one of his coworkers made a significant mistake during her first week, causing the boss to view her as unreliable. Even though she performed well afterward, the boss's initial impression persisted, demonstrating the primacy effect in action.

6.思维导图

- Primacy Effect
    - Reading Material
        - Initial information
        - Forming opinions
    - Psychology Lecture
        - Professor's Example
            - Positive first impression
                - Great research assistant
            - Negative first impression
                - Unreliable coworker
        - Primacy effect in action
            - Persisting impressions

7.关键词

1. Sub Scores Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2. Estimated Scores Estimated Score: 23

3. Delivery The speaker's delivery is generally clear and fluid, with a consistent pace and only occasional pauses. However, there are some instances where the speaker could improve their phrasing and pronunciation to make their speech more natural and easy to understand. For example, the phrase "he always thinks this research assistant is unreliable" could be rephrased as "he continued to think of her as unreliable." Additionally, the speaker should work on using more natural transitions between ideas, such as "on the other hand" or "in contrast."

4. Topic Development The response is coherent and well-organized, with clear connections between ideas and sufficient support or examples from the lecture. However, the speaker could improve their topic development by providing more specific details from the lecture to support their explanation of the primacy effect. For instance, they could mention how the professor's boss only noticed evidence that supported his initial judgment of both research assistants, while disregarding or failing to notice evidence that contradicted it. This would help to further illustrate the concept of the primacy effect and its impact on our opinions.

5. Language Use

Original: People always base their first impression rather than later information to judge others. People tend to form opinions based on first impressions rather than subsequent information when judging others. (Rephrased for clarity and natural language flow)

Original: The professor used to be a one-year research assistant in a lab, and in the first week he really did a good job, especially when he was running experiments, which made a really good first impression on his professor. The professor, who had previously worked as a research assistant for a year, made a strong first impression during his initial week by successfully running experiments. (Rephrased for clarity and conciseness)

Original: Even though he made mistakes later on, the professor always remembered that he did good work on the experiments in the first week, and he strengthened his impression and always noticed the evidence that would make him think the professor is a good research assistant. Despite making mistakes later, his boss continued to view him as a great research assistant due to the primacy effect, focusing on evidence that supported this initial judgment. (Rephrased for clarity and natural language flow)

Original: However, the other research assistant made a big mistake, which cost a lot of money. He always thinks this research assistant is unreliable, even if he makes a bad impression. In contrast, another research assistant made a costly mistake during her first week, leading the boss to perceive her as unreliable, despite her later improvement. (Rephrased for clarity and natural language flow)

Revised Answer (140 words):

People tend to form opinions based on first impressions rather than subsequent information when judging others. The professor, who had previously worked as a research assistant for a year, made a strong first impression during his initial week by successfully running experiments. Despite making mistakes later, his boss continued to view him as a great research assistant due to the primacy effect, focusing on evidence that supported this initial judgment. In contrast, another research assistant made a costly mistake during her first week, leading the boss to perceive her as unreliable, despite her later improvement. This demonstrates the primacy effect in action, as both the professor and his coworker were judged based on their initial performance, with subsequent information either supporting or contradicting their first impressions being largely ignored or unnoticed.

6. Mind Map

- Primacy Effect
  - First impressions
  - Subsequent information
  - Professor's example
    - Successful experiments
    - Boss's positive judgment
  - Coworker's example
    - Costly mistake
    - Boss's negative judgment
  - Impact on opinions
    - Evidence supporting initial judgment
    - Ignoring contradictory information

7. Key Words