TOEFL TPO -1 Writing Task 2 Sample: please identify the research methods.

1.子项得分 任务完成度：4 组织：4 连贯与衔接：4 语言使用：3

2.预估分数

25. 3.任务完成度

你的文章在任务完成度方面表现较好，基本上涵盖了研究方法的描述。但是，有些部分可以更具体和详细。例如，你可以详细说明为什么选择这些研究方法以及它们如何帮助实现研究目标。此外，在描述具体方法时，可以更加明确地解释它们在研究中的应用。

Example 1: Instead of: "mixed-methods are employed in the study." You can write: "Mixed-methods, including questionnaires and discourse analysis, are employed in this study to provide a comprehensive understanding of international students' intergroup contacts with Chinese people and culture."

Example 2: Instead of: "questionnaires, a quantitative method which tends more towards an objective position" You can write: "Questionnaires are used as a quantitative method to collect data on participants' demographic information, sources of information about Chinese culture, and their attitudes towards intergroup contact."

4.文章结构与组织 文章的结构和组织方面基本合理，包括引言、主体和结论。然而，在一些段落中，你可以使用更明确的主题句来引导读者理解段落的重点。此外，在段落之间添加过渡句可以使文章更连贯。

Example 1: Instead of: "Participants" You can write: "The participants in this study are international students studying in a specific university in Hong Kong, representing diverse cultural backgrounds."

Example 2: Instead of: "Theoretical Framework" You can write: "To guide the research, a theoretical framework based on intergroup contact theories is developed, consisting of two phases: pre-arrival contact and post-arrival contact."

5. 语法批改

Adoption of different acculturation strategy indicates international students’ exposure, willingness and adaptation to Chinese culture are diverse from individual to individual, which affects their cognition and acceptance of Chinese culture.

Based on previous researches, this study divides the types of other cultural groups' contact with Chinese culture into two categories: direct contact and indirect contact. Direct contact is equivalent to objective cognition through personal experience, and indirect contact is equivalent to virtual cognition.

The findings in the two studies reveal highly overlapping sources of information. While today’s media develops with a trend in digitization, intelligence, socialization and mobilization, it thus provides more accessible exposure and contact to diverse information of Chinese culture for people from diverse cultural backgrounds.

Participants In order to understand how international students in Hong Kong have intergroup contacts with Chinese people and Chinese culture, this study intends to investigate international students studying in a specific university in Hong Kong. The criteria are based on the following principles. AnAnd(confusion of 'an' and 'and') the study does not intend to focus on any specific cultural groups of countries (such as the United States or Germany). In contrast, it pays close attention to the cross-cultural attitudes of the international students who leave their country and culture to another country and culture. Therefore, a purposeful sampling (SeidmanMadman(misspelling), 2006, p53), whose goal would remain to sample purposely the widest variation of sites and people within the limits of the study, will be employed to recruit participants from different cultural backgrounds. In order to make the sample as diverse and well distributed as possible, the primary criteria used to select the participants were involvement of the most number of countries of international students in the given Hong Kong universityHong Kong University(Checks upper/lower case spelling of some proper nouns). The questionnaires will be used to screen the participants in order to identify potential candidates for observations and interviews based on the criteria.

Theoretical Framework The framework is based on the theoretical frameworks of intergroup contact (Allport, 1954; PettigrewPedigree(misspelling), 2012), and the author integrated and developed a theoretical framework to guide the research.

The framework is composed of two phrases: pre-arrival contact and post-arrival contact. Pre-arrival contact will assess the sources of information of Chinese people and culture, types of intergroup contact of international students before they arrive at Hong Kong. Post-arrival contact will evaluate the conditions of contact in the contact processes, types of intergroup contact of international students, and the specific acculturation strategy they adopt after they arrive at Hong Kong. Besides, the testified notion that “intergroup contact reduces prejudice” is a precursor to the prediction that over interaction, participants will develop new understandings about Chinese people and culture. In the interaction process, the study further aims to explore contact mechanism effects based on their evolving perceptions under various themes and factors like stereotypes, ethnocentrism, essentialism, intergroup attitudes, intercultural competence and so on.

Research Instruments There is a growing consensus that mixed-methods research offers a way forward for social research (Johnson&Onwuegbuzie[No Replacement Word Found](misspelling), 2004). In order to achieve triangulation, facilitation and complimentaritycomplementarity(misspelling)(Hammersley, 1996 ))(Use of whitespace before comma and before/after parentheses), mixed-methods are employed in the study. To be more specific, questionnaires, a quantitative method which tends more towards an objective position( ((Missing whitespace before a parenthesis)Zhu, 2015, p166) and discourse analysis, a qualitative methodology, are combined to form a well-designed research into a single design.

Questionnaire The first part of the questionnaire includes basic information about the participants, such as the gender, the country of origin, the time of their arrival in Hong Kong, the major and program of study, the cost studying in Hong Kong, and whether they have relatives or friends in Hong Kong. The second part is based on the previous studies of intergroup contact made by scholars (Allport, 1954; Pettigrew&Tropp[No Replacement Word Found](misspelling), 2012; PettigrewPedigree(misspelling) et al., 2011; PettigrewPedigree(misspelling), 2008; Wagner et al., 2003), and the study designs specific scales of cultural contact to explore the sources of information, types, conditions and attitudes among international students before and after their arrival in Hong Kong. The third part explores the students’ degrees of willingness to participate further in the program and interactions with other participants.

Discourse Analysis Discourse AnalysisDiscourse Analysis(Repetition of two words ('at the at the')) is a term applied to any approach that is concerned with discourse in context (JenksJunks(misspelling), 2021). It is an interdisciplinary approach that has been used by discourse analysts across disciplines and, and(comma between independent clauses) it is accordingly used as the analytical framework to interpret the students’ stories (LadegaardSafeguard(misspelling), 2022). In this study, discourse analysis is used to explore the discourses from recordings in the second stage of the research procedure in the form of group discussions.

6.文章修订

Adoption of different acculturation strategies indicates that international students' exposure, willingness, and adaptation to Chinese culture vary from individual to individual, which affects their cognition and acceptance of Chinese culture.

Based on previous research, this study categorizes the types of contact with Chinese culture for other cultural groups into two categories: direct contact and indirect contact. Direct contact refers to objective cognition through personal experience, while indirect contact represents virtual cognition.

The findings in the two studies reveal highly overlapping sources of information. As today's media develops with a trend towards digitization, intelligence, socialization, and mobilization, it provides more accessible exposure and contact to diverse information about Chinese culture for people from various cultural backgrounds.

Participants: The participants in this study are international students studying at a specific university in Hong Kong, representing diverse cultural backgrounds. This study aims to investigate how these students have intergroup contacts with Chinese people and Chinese culture. The criteria are based on the following principles: the study does not intend to focus on any specific cultural groups or countries (such as the United States or Germany). Instead, it closely examines the cross-cultural attitudes of international students who leave their country and culture for another country and culture. Therefore, purposeful sampling (Seidman, 2006) will be employed to recruit participants from different cultural backgrounds. To make the sample as diverse and well-distributed as possible, the primary criteria used to select participants involve including the most significant number of countries represented by international students at the given Hong Kong university. Questionnaires will be used to screen participants in order to identify potential candidates for observations and interviews based on these criteria.

Theoretical Framework: To guide the research, a theoretical framework based on intergroup contact theories is developed, consisting of two phases: pre-arrival contact and post-arrival contact. Pre-arrival contact assesses sources of information about Chinese people and culture as well as types of intergroup contact among international students before they arrive in Hong Kong. Post-arrival contact evaluates the conditions of contact in the contact processes, types of intergroup contact among international students, and the specific acculturation strategies they adopt after arriving in Hong Kong. Furthermore, the well-established notion that "intergroup contact reduces prejudice" serves as a precursor to predicting that participants will develop new understandings about Chinese people and culture through interaction. In this process, the study aims to explore contact mechanism effects based on participants' evolving perceptions under various themes and factors such as stereotypes, ethnocentrism, essentialism, intergroup attitudes, and intercultural competence.

Research Instruments: There is a growing consensus that mixed-methods research offers a way forward for social research (Johnson & Onwuegbuzie, 2004). To achieve triangulation, facilitation, and complementarity (Hammersley, 1996), mixed-methods are employed in this study to provide a comprehensive understanding of international students' intergroup contacts with Chinese people and culture. Specifically, questionnaires and discourse analysis are combined to form a well-designed research approach.

Questionnaire: The first part of the questionnaire includes basic information about participants such as gender, country of origin, time of arrival in Hong Kong, major and program of study, cost of studying in Hong Kong, and whether they have relatives or friends in Hong Kong. The second part is based on previous studies of intergroup contact conducted by scholars (Allport 1954; Pettigrew 2012; Pettigrew et al., 2011; Pettigrew 2008; Wagner et al., 2003) and designs specific scales of cultural contact to explore sources of information types conditions and attitudes among international students before and after their arrival in Hong Kong. The third part explores students' degrees of willingness to participate further in the program and interactions with other participants.

Discourse Analysis: Discourse analysis is a term applied to any approach concerned with discourse in context (Jenks, 2021). It is an interdisciplinary approach used by discourse analysts across disciplines and is accordingly employed as the analytical framework to interpret students' stories (Ladegaard, 2022). In this study, discourse analysis is utilized to explore discourses from recordings in the second stage of the research procedure in the form of group discussions. (667 words)

7.文章批改

Adoption of different acculturation strategy strategies indicates that international students’ students' exposure, willingness willingness, and adaptation to Chinese culture are diverse vary from individual to individual, which affects their cognition and acceptance of Chinese culture. (Changed "are diverse" to "vary" for a more concise expression)

Based on previous researches, research, this study divides categorizes the types of other cultural groups' contact with Chinese culture for other cultural groups into two categories: direct contact and indirect contact. Direct contact is equivalent refers to objective cognition through personal experience, and while indirect contact is equivalent to represents virtual cognition. (Rephrased "divides...into two categories" to "categorizes...into two categories" for a more formal tone)

The findings in the two studies reveal highly overlapping sources of information. While today’s As today's media develops with a trend in towards digitization, intelligence, socialization socialization, and mobilization, it thus provides more accessible exposure and contact to diverse information of about Chinese culture for people from various cultural backgrounds. (Changed "with a trend in" to "with a trend towards" for correct preposition usage)

Participants:

The participants in this study are international students studying at a specific university in Hong Kong, representing diverse cultural backgrounds. ¶ Participants ¶ In order to understand This study aims to investigate how international these students in Hong Kong have intergroup contacts with Chinese people and Chinese culture, this study intends to investigate international students studying in a specific university in Hong Kong. culture. The criteria are based on the following principles. An principles: the study does not intend to focus on any specific cultural groups of or countries (such as the United States or Germany). In contrast, Instead, it pays close attention to closely examines the cross-cultural attitudes of the international students who leave their country and culture to for another country and culture. Therefore, a purposeful sampling (Seidman, 2006, p53), whose goal would remain to sample purposely the widest variation of sites and people within the limits of the study, 2006) will be employed to recruit participants from different cultural backgrounds. In order to To make the sample as diverse and well distributed well-distributed as possible, the primary criteria used to select the participants were involvement of involve including the most significant number of countries of represented by international students in at the given Hong Kong university. The questionnaires Questionnaires will be used to screen the participants in order to identify potential candidates for observations and interviews based on the these criteria. (Changed "An the study" to "the study" for grammatical correctness)

Theoretical Framework ¶ The Framework:

To guide the research, a theoretical framework is based on the theoretical frameworks of intergroup contact (Allport, 1954; Pettigrew, 2012), and the author integrated and developed a theoretical framework to guide the research. ¶ The framework is composed theories is developed, consisting of two phrases: phases: pre-arrival contact and post-arrival contact. Pre-arrival contact will assess the assesses sources of information of about Chinese people and culture, culture as well as types of intergroup contact of among international students before they arrive at in Hong Kong. Post-arrival contact will evaluate evaluates the conditions of contact in the contact processes, types of intergroup contact of among international students, and the specific acculturation strategy strategies they adopt after they arrive at arriving in Hong Kong. Besides, the testified Furthermore, the well-established notion that “intergroup "intergroup contact reduces prejudice” is prejudice" serves as a precursor to the prediction predicting that over interaction, participants will develop new understandings about Chinese people and culture. culture through interaction. In the interaction this process, the study further aims to explore contact mechanism effects based on their participants' evolving perceptions under various themes and factors like such as stereotypes, ethnocentrism, essentialism, intergroup attitudes, and intercultural competence and so on. competence. (Changed "the framework is composed" to "consisting" for a more concise expression)

Research Instruments Instruments:

There is a growing consensus that mixed-methods research offers a way forward for social research (Johnson&Onwuegbuzie, Johnson & Onwuegbuzie, 2004). In order to . To achieve triangulation, facilitation and complimentarityfacilitation, and complementarity (Hammersley, 1996 1996), mixed-methods are employed in the study. To be more specific, questionnaires, a quantitative method which tends more towards an objective position(Zhu, 2015, p166) this study to provide a comprehensive understanding of international students' intergroup contacts with Chinese people and culture. Specifically, questionnaires and discourse analysis, a qualitative methodology, analysis are combined to form a well-designed research into approach. (Changed "into a single design. ¶ Questionnaire design" to "research approach" for clarity)

Questionnaire:

The first part of the questionnaire includes basic information about the participants, participants such as the gender, the country of origin, the time of their arrival in Hong Kong, the major and program of study, the cost of studying in Hong Kong, and whether they have relatives or friends in Hong Kong. The second part is based on the previous studies of intergroup contact made conducted by scholars (Allport, Allport 1954; Pettigrew&Tropp, Pettigrew 2012; Pettigrew et al., 2011; Pettigrew, Pettigrew 2008; Wagner et al., 2003), and the study ) and designs specific scales of cultural contact to explore the sources of information, types, information types conditions and attitudes among international students before and after their arrival in Hong Kong. The third part explores the students’ students' degrees of willingness to participate further in the program and interactions with other participants. (Changed "the study designs" to "and designs" for grammatical correctness)

Discourse Analysis Analysis:

Discourse Analysis analysis is a term applied to any approach that is concerned with discourse in context (Jenks, 2021). It is an interdisciplinary approach that has been used by discourse analysts across disciplines and it is accordingly used employed as the analytical framework to interpret the students’ students' stories (Ladegaard, 2022). In this study, discourse analysis is used utilized to explore the discourses from recordings in the second stage of the research procedure in the form of group discussions.discussions. (Changed "and it is accordingly used" to "and is accordingly employed" for consistency)

8.思维导图

• Thesis statement: Adoption of different acculturation strategies affects international students' cognition and acceptance of Chinese culture.
  • Topic sentence 1: Types of contact with Chinese culture
    • Sub-topic: Direct contact
    • Sub-topic: Indirect contact
  • Topic sentence 2: Participants in the study
    • Sub-topic: International students in Hong Kong
    • Sub-topic: Purposeful sampling
  • Topic sentence 3: Theoretical framework
    • Sub-topic: Pre-arrival contact
    • Sub-topic: Post-arrival contact
  • Topic sentence 4: Research instruments
    • Sub-topic: Mixed-methods approach
      • Supporting example: Questionnaires
      • Supporting example: Discourse analysis

9.关键词

10.补充示例

1. Studying abroad can help students develop cultural intelligence, which is essential for adapting to new environments and interacting with people from diverse backgrounds.

2. Learning a foreign language can facilitate intercultural communication, as it allows individuals to better understand and appreciate different cultures.

3. Participating in cultural exchange programs can provide valuable opportunities for students to immerse themselves in a new culture and develop their intercultural competence.

4. Engaging in collaborative projects with people from different cultural backgrounds can foster mutual understanding and respect, ultimately reducing prejudice and discrimination.

5. Encouraging open dialogue about cultural differences can help individuals challenge stereotypes and promote greater tolerance and acceptance of diversity.