TOEFL TPO 71 Writing Task 1 Sample: Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge the specific theories presented in the reading passage.

1.子项得分 任务完成度: 4 组织: 3 连贯与衔接: 3 语言使用: 3

2.预估分数

22. 3.任务完成度

你的文章基本上完成了任务要求，总结了听力中提到的观点并对阅读中的理论进行了质疑。但是，你可以更详细地解释听力中的观点以及它们如何具体挑战阅读材料中的理论。此外，注意避免在文章中出现拼写错误。

例子1： 原文：The fossil of the dinasaur contriadicts this evidence. 修改：The fossil of the dinosaur contradicts this evidence, as it shows a small and underdeveloped brain cavity next to the crest.

例子2： 原文：However, the evidence shows that only a small number of lambeosaurs have it, indicating the flaw of this theory. 修改：However, the evidence shows that only one lambeosaur species has been found with a highly developed inner ear, which is not enough to support this theory for all lambeosaur species.

4.文章结构与组织 文章的结构和组织方面还有待改进。虽然你使用了引言、正文和结论，但段落划分不够明确，缺乏清晰的过渡句。为了使文章更加连贯和有逻辑，请在每个段落之间添加过渡句，并确保每个段落都集中讨论一个特定的观点。

例子1： 添加过渡句：首先，让我们来看一下关于增强嗅觉功能的理论。 修改后的段落：首先，让我们来看一下关于增强嗅觉功能的理论。作者认为，鼻腔中丰富的血管使得这种功能成为可能。然而，演讲者质疑这一理论，指出在具有强烈嗅觉功能的动物中，与嗅觉器官相邻的大脑区域往往发育良好。但恐龙化石显示出与冠骨相邻的大脑腔较小且发育不良。

例子2： 添加过渡句：接下来，我们讨论关于冠骨用于降低体温的理论。 修改后的段落：接下来，我们讨论关于冠骨用于降低体温的理论。作者提出了一个类似于剑龙的例子，即冠骨可以帮助防止过热。然而，演讲者反驳了这一观点，并强调了剑龙和赖氏龙之间的差异。虽然剑龙身上有许多骨质板，但赖氏龙头部的冠骨相对较小，这意味着降低温度的能力非常有限。

5. 语法批改

The passage introducesnintroduces(misspelling) the topic of lambeosaurs[No Replacement Word Found](misspelling), More specifically, the author proposes 3 theories that speculate the function of labeosaursallosaurs(misspelling)'(Unpaired braces, brackets, quotation marks and similar symbols) crest on the top of their heads. The speaker casts doubt on each theoriestheory('every/each' + SINGULAR).

The author starts by stating that the crest is used for enhancing the dinosaurs' sense of smell because of vastthe vast(This rule identifies whether the article 'the' is missing in a sentence.) blood vessels contained. The speaker challenges this theory, pointing out the lack of brain nerve in the crest. Most of timeMost time(all/most/some (of) + noun), the organ that functions as smelling is distributed well-development brain nerves, in order to communicate the information and signal received. However, The fossil of the dinasaurdinosaur(misspelling) contriadictscontradicts(misspelling) this evidence.

The author further proposes the theory thatthat,(This rule identifies whether commas are missing in a sentence.) similar to stegosaursstegosaurus(misspelling), the crest represents the use of preventing heat. Nevertheless, the speaker disputes this argument, emphasizing the distinct between these two dinosaurs. While the bony crest on the stegosaursstegosaurus(misspelling) is widely distributed on the body, the crest on the head of lambeosaur[No Replacement Word Found](misspelling) is relatively small, which means the ability of lowering the temperature is extremely weak.

Finally, The author claims that the crest can be used as a tool to make sound, in order to communicate with others. The speaker, again, points out the flaws, stating that if the crest is functioned as a communicating tools, then all species of lambeosaur[No Replacement Word Found](misspelling) will be equipped with this organ. However, the evidence shows that only a small number ofa few(a small number of (a few)) lambeosaurs[No Replacement Word Found](misspelling) have it, indicating the flaw of this theory.

Section Title: 6.文章修订

The passage introduces the topic of lambeosaurs, specifically discussing three theories regarding the function of their crests. However, the speaker in the lecture casts doubt on each of these theories.

Firstly, the author suggests that the crest's primary purpose was to enhance the dinosaurs' sense of smell due to the presence of numerous blood vessels. The speaker challenges this theory by highlighting that a well-developed brain area with nerves is typically found in animals with a strong sense of smell. Contrary to this, fossils of lambeosaur skulls reveal a small and underdeveloped brain cavity near the crest, making it unlikely that it served to improve their sense of smell.

Secondly, the author proposes that like stegosaurs, lambeosaurs' crests functioned to prevent overheating by increasing body surface area for heat dissipation. The speaker disputes this argument by emphasizing differences between these two dinosaurs. Stegosaurs have multiple bony plates distributed across their bodies, whereas lambeosaurs only possess a single crest on their heads. This limited additional surface area would not provide any significant advantage in cooling.

Lastly, the author posits that lambeosaurs used their crests to produce sounds for communication with others. The speaker points out flaws in this theory as well; if all lambeosaur species used their crests for communication, they should all have a good sense of hearing. However, evidence supporting good hearing has only been found in one lambeosaur species so far. Therefore, unless further evidence from other species is discovered, skepticism towards this theory should remain. (251 words)

The passage introducesn introduces the topic of lambeosaurs, More specifically, the author proposes 3 specifically discussing three theories that speculate regarding the function of labeosaurs' crest on the top of their heads. The their crests (the original text used "labeosaurs" which is a typo). However, the speaker in the lecture casts doubt on each theories. of these theories (clarified the sentence structure and made it more concise).

The Firstly, the author starts by stating that the crest is used for enhancing suggests that the crest's primary purpose was to enhance the dinosaurs' sense of smell because of vast due to the presence of numerous blood vessels contained. (rephrased for clarity). The speaker challenges this theory, pointing out the lack of theory by highlighting that a well-developed brain nerve in the crest. Most of time, the organ that functions as smelling area with nerves is distributed well-development typically found in animals with a strong sense of smell (added explanation for why this point is relevant). Contrary to this, fossils of lambeosaur skulls reveal a small and underdeveloped brain nerves, in order to communicate the information cavity near the crest, making it unlikely that it served to improve their sense of smell (clarified and signal received. However, restructured sentence).

Secondly, the author proposes that like stegosaurs, lambeosaurs' crests functioned to prevent overheating by increasing body surface area for heat dissipation (rephrased for clarity). The fossil of the dinasaur contriadicts this evidence. ¶ The author further proposes the theory that similar to stegosaurs, the crest represents the use of preventing heat. Nevertheless, the speaker disputes this argument, argument by emphasizing the distinct differences between these two dinosaurs. While the dinosaurs (corrected "distinct" to "differences"). Stegosaurs have multiple bony plates distributed across their bodies, whereas lambeosaurs only possess a single crest on the stegosaurs is widely distributed on the body, the crest on the head of lambeosaur is relatively small, which means the ability of lowering the temperature is extremely weak. their heads. This limited additional surface area would not provide any significant advantage in cooling (restructured sentence for better flow).

Finally, Lastly, the author posits that lambeosaurs used their crests to produce sounds for communication with others (rephrased for clarity). The author claims that the crest can be used as a tool to make sound, in order to communicate with others. The speaker, again, speaker points out the flaws, stating that flaws in this theory as well; if the crest all lambeosaur species used their crests for communication, they should all have a good sense of hearing (clarified reasoning). However, evidence supporting good hearing has only been found in one lambeosaur species so far. Therefore, unless further evidence from other species is functioned as a communicating tools, then all species of lambeosaur will be equipped with this organ. However, the evidence shows that only a small number of lambeosaurs have it, indicating the flaw of this theory.discovered, skepticism towards this theory should remain (restructured and clarified the conclusion).

8. Mind Map

9. Keywords