TOEFL TPO 49 Speaking Task 4 Sample: Using points and examples from the lecture, explain two disadvantages of living in groups for animals.

1.子项得分 Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2.预估分数

23. 3.表达

在回答中，发音大部分清晰，语速适中，但偶尔有些停顿。建议在练习时注意保持流畅的语速，并尽量减少不必要的停顿。同时，注意提高发音准确性，以避免拼写错误。

4.话题发展 The response is coherent and well-organized, with clear connections between ideas and sufficient support or examples from the lecture. However, there is room for improvement in terms of elaborating on the examples provided. For instance, you could further explain how the visibility of sardines in a group makes them more vulnerable to predators like whales, and how the difficulty in identifying their own young among bats can lead to their offspring not receiving proper care. By expanding on these examples, your response will be more comprehensive and demonstrate a deeper understanding of the topic.

6.语言使用

Original Answer: In the lecture, the professor explains two disadvantages of living in groups for animals. The first advantage is that prey is more visible for predators. For example, a fish sardine can be easily spotted by the predator, like the whale. If the sardine is in the group, which makes them vulnerable. The second disadvantage is that for some animals, living in a group makes it difficult to identify their own young baby. For example, the bat always lives together, and if the mother bat goes to get some food and come back to the place they live, it is difficult for her to identify her own baby.

Corrected Answer: In the lecture, the professor explains two disadvantages (原文为"advantage"，应改为"disadvantage"，因为这里讨论的是缺点) of living in groups for animals. The first disadvantage is that prey becomes (添加"becomes"使句子更自然流畅) more visible for predators. For example, sardines (改为复数形式，与后文保持一致), a type of fish, can be easily spotted by predators, like whales, when they are in a group, which makes them vulnerable. The second disadvantage is that for some animals, living in a group makes it difficult to identify their own offspring (用"offspring"替换"young baby"，使表达更准确). For example, bats often live together, and when a mother bat goes to find (用"find"替换"goes to get"，使表达更简洁) food and returns (用"returns"替换"come back"，使表达更简洁) to their dwelling, it is difficult for her to identify her own offspring.

Revised Answer (140 words): In the lecture, the professor explains two disadvantages of living in groups for animals. The first disadvantage is that prey becomes more visible to predators when they are in groups. For example, sardines, a type of small fish, can be easily spotted by predators like whales when they swim together in large groups. This increased visibility makes them more vulnerable to being captured and eaten. The second disadvantage is that for some animals, living in a group makes it difficult to identify their own offspring. For instance, bats often live together in large colonies. When a mother bat leaves the colony to find food and returns later, she may struggle to locate her own offspring among the numerous young bats present. This can lead to her accidentally caring for another bat's offspring while her own young go without proper care.

7.思维导图

• Disadvantages of living in groups for animals
  • Increased visibility to predators
    • Example: Sardines and whales
  • Difficulty in identifying own offspring
    • Example: Bats and their young

8.关键词

1.子项得分

• 交付（Delivery）：3

• 语言使用（Language Use）：3

• 话题发展（Topic Development）：3

2.预估分数

• 总分：23

3.表达 回答中的表达较为清晰，但在某些地方存在一些不必要的停顿。为了提高口语表达能力，建议练习更流畅、自然的语速，并尽量减少不必要的停顿。同时，注意正确发音，以避免拼写错误。

4.话题发展 回答内容基本上符合题目要求，能够较好地概括听力材料中的两个缺点。但在举例子时，可以更详细地描述例子以增强说服力。另外，在组织结构上，可以尝试使用一些过渡词汇（如首先、其次等），使回答更加连贯。

5.语言使用

Original Answer: The main idea of the lecture is that animals that live in groups of the same species have some disadvantages. The professor provides two disadvantages. The first one is that living in groups is more visible to the predators, since the predators are more likely to spot a big group of animals. Therefore, a group of animals is more vulnerable to being captured by the predators. For example, sardines are small fish and their predators are large whales. The whales are easier to spot and capture a big group of sardines. The second disadvantage is the difficulty of caring their young. When living in groups, it is hard for the parents' animals to identify their own offspring. For example, when millions of bats live in the same cave, it is hard for the mother bat to find their own babies. When the mother bat returns to the cave with food, they will probably end up feeding the food to other baby bats instead of their own.

Corrected Answer: The main idea of the lecture is that animals that live in groups ofwithin the same species have some disadvantages（将“of”改为“within”，使句子更自然）. The professor provides two disadvantages. The first one is that living in groups ismakes them more visible to predators（将“is”改为“makes them”，使句子更自然）, since predators are more likely to spot a big group of animals. Therefore, a group of animals is more vulnerable to being captured by predators. For example, sardines are small fish and their predators are large whales. The whales arefind it easier to spot and capture a big group of sardines（将“are”改为“find it”，使句子更自然）. The second disadvantage is the difficulty of caringin caring for their young（将“of caring”改为“in caring for”，使句子更自然）. When living in groups, it is hard for the parents' animalsparent animals to identify their own offspring（将“parents' animals”改为“parent animals”，使句子更自然）. For example, when millions of bats live in the same cave, it is hard for the mother bat to find theirher own babies（将“their”改为“her”，使句子更自然）. When the mother bat returns to the cave with food, theyshe will probably end up feeding the food to other baby bats instead of her own（将“they”改为“she”，使句子更自然）.

Revised Answer (140 words): The main idea of the lecture is that animals living within the same species in groups face certain disadvantages. The professor highlights two such disadvantages. Firstly, living in groups makes them more visible to predators, as predators are more likely to spot a large group of animals. Consequently, a group of animals becomes more vulnerable to being captured by predators. For instance, sardines are small fish with large whales as their predators. Whales find it easier to spot and capture a big group of sardines. Secondly, the difficulty in caring for their young arises when living in groups. It becomes challenging for parent animals to identify their own offspring. For example, when millions of bats inhabit the same cave, it is difficult for a mother bat to find her own babies. Upon returning to the cave with food, she may end up feeding other baby bats instead of her own.

6.思维导图

- Main Idea
  - Disadvantages of living in groups

- Disadvantage 1
  - Increased visibility to predators
    - Example: Sardines and whales

- Disadvantage 2
  - Difficulty in caring for young
    - Example: Bats in a cave

7.关键词

1.子项得分

• 交付：3

• 语言使用：3.5

• 话题发展：3.5

2.预估分数

• 总分：26

3.表达 回答中的发音和语速大体上是清晰和流畅的，但在某些地方存在一些不必要的停顿。为了提高发音的准确性，建议在练习时注意模仿地道的英语发音，并尝试在不影响理解的情况下减少停顿。此外，可以多参加一些口语练习活动，以提高口语表达能力。

4.话题发展 回答内容基本上是连贯和有组织的，观点之间的联系也比较清晰。然而，在举例子时可以更具体一些，以便更好地支持观点。例如，在讲到鲸鱼捕食沙丁鱼时，可以详细描述捕食过程中群居对沙丁鱼的影响。此外，在提到蝙蝠照顾幼崽时，可以进一步说明这种现象对于蝙蝠种群的生存和繁衍可能产生的影响。总之，为了提高话题发展水平，可以在实践中多关注细节和深入思考。

5.语言使用

原文：The professor in the lecture explains the two disadvantages of living in groups for animals. The professor in the lecture discusses two disadvantages of group living for animals. (将"explains"改为"discusses"，使语言更自然；将"living in groups for animals"改为"group living for animals"，使表达更简洁。) The first disadvantage is that they are more visible to predators, so they are more vulnerable to being captured. The first disadvantage is increased visibility to predators, making them more susceptible to capture. (用更高级的词汇和更简洁的表达来描述这个缺点。) For example, sardines are small fish and usually preyed upon by large ocean animals like whales. When lots of them are swimming together, it is very easy for the whales to spot them and capture them. The second disadvantage is to make it hard for animals to care for their own young, for example. The second disadvantage involves difficulties in caring for their own offspring. (用更简洁、准确的表达来描述这个缺点。) Millions of bats live together in the cave. It is really hard for the mother bat to distinguish its young since there are too many of them crowding together. Therefore, when they return from finding food, they may end up feeding babies of other bats, and their own babies may not be fed.

修订版（140词）：

The professor in the lecture discusses two disadvantages of group living for animals. The first disadvantage is increased visibility to predators, making them more susceptible to capture. For instance, sardines, which are small fish, are often preyed upon by large ocean animals like whales. When they swim together in large groups, it becomes easier for the whales to spot and capture them. The second disadvantage involves difficulties in caring for their own offspring. A prime example of this can be seen in the millions of bats that live together in a cave. Due to the sheer number of young bats crowded together, it becomes extremely challenging for mother bats to distinguish their own offspring. Consequently, when they return from foraging for food, they may inadvertently feed the young of other bats, leaving their own babies unfed.

6.思维导图

- Lecture
    - Disadvantages of group living for animals
        - Increased visibility to predators
            - Example: Sardines and whales
        - Difficulties in caring for offspring
            - Example: Bats in a cave

7.关键词

1.Sub Scores

• Delivery: 3

• Language Use: 3

• Topic Development: 3

2.Estimated Scores

• Total Score: 23

3.Delivery The speaker's delivery is generally clear and fluid, with a consistent pace and only occasional pauses. However, there are some areas where the speaker could improve. For example, the speaker could work on using more varied sentence structures and intonation to make the speech more engaging. Additionally, the speaker should focus on pronouncing certain words more accurately to avoid confusion.

4.Topic Development The speaker provides a coherent and well-organized response, with clear connections between ideas and sufficient support or examples. However, there is room for improvement in topic development. The speaker could elaborate more on each disadvantage by providing additional examples or explaining the consequences of these disadvantages in greater detail. This would help to strengthen the overall response and make it more persuasive.

5.Language Use

In the lecture, the professor discusses the disadvantages of animals that live in groups. One disadvantage is that they are visible more noticeable ("visible" is not incorrect, but "more noticeable" is a more advanced vocabulary choice) and vulnerable to predators. For example, sardines, they swim in groups and are the prey for many large animals such as whales. While it is difficult for whales to identify one single sardine, but when they swim together, they become visible and could be captured by the whales easily for food. Another disadvantage is the difficulty to carry in caring ("to carry" is incorrect; use "in caring" instead) for the young. For example, one type of bat lives together in the same cave with millions of them. With too much many (use "many" instead of "much" when referring to countable nouns like "bats") bats in the same cave, a mother bat may find it hard to identify her own baby and she may end up feeding the babies of another mother bat, leaving her own babies with no food.

Revised Answer (140 words):

In the lecture, the professor discusses two disadvantages faced by animals living in groups. Firstly, these animals become more noticeable and vulnerable to predators. For instance, sardines swim in groups and are preyed upon by larger marine animals like whales. Although a single sardine might go unnoticed, a group of them attracts attention and can be easily captured for food. Secondly, group-living animals face challenges in caring for their young. A prime example is a particular species of bat that inhabits caves with millions of other bats. Due to the sheer number of bats in the cave, a mother bat may struggle to identify her offspring and inadvertently feed another's young, depriving her own babies of nourishment. These disadvantages highlight the complexities and trade-offs involved in group living among animals.

6.Mind Map

• Disadvantages of group living
  • Increased visibility
    • Predators
    • Example: Sardines and whales
  • Difficulties in caring for young
    • Identifying offspring
    • Example: Bats in caves

7.Key Words

1.子项得分

• 交付：2

• 语言使用：2

• 话题发展：3

2.预估分数

• 总分：19

3.表达 从交付方面来看，发言者的语速较快，导致一些词汇发音不准确，如“stans”应为“sardines”。此外，发言者在表达时存在一些不必要的停顿。建议发言者在练习时放慢语速，注意词汇的正确发音，并尽量减少不必要的停顿。

4.话题发展 从话题发展方面来看，发言者对两个缺点进行了阐述，并给出了相应的例子。但在表述过程中，部分句子存在语法错误和表达不清晰的问题。例如，“the stans, some small fishes, fish eaten by the whales”应改为“sardines, which are small fish, are eaten by whales”。建议发言者在练习时注意句子结构的准确性和表达的清晰度。

5.语言使用

原文：The lecture talks about two disadvantages of living groups for animals. The lecture discusses two disadvantages of group living for animals.（将talks about改为discusses，使表达更自然。将living groups改为group living，使表达更准确。） The first is the groups of animal is more visible for the predators, The first disadvantage is that animal groups are more visible to predators,（将the groups of animal改为animal groups，使表达更清晰。将is more visible for改为are more visible to，使语法更准确。） because they are big and they are likely to be spotted by the predators than the individual. as they are larger and more likely to be spotted than individuals.（将they are big改为they are larger，使表达更准确。将they are likely to be spotted by the predators than the individual改为more likely to be spotted than individuals，使表达更简洁。） For example, the stans, some small fishes, fish eaten by the whales, For example, sardines, small fish, are eaten by whales,（将the stans改为sardines，纠正发音错误。将some small fishes改为small fish，使表达更准确。） and they will be, the group of the stans will be easily be captured by the whales because they are easily be seen. and groups of sardines can be easily captured by whales because they are more visible.（将the group of the stans改为groups of sardines，纠正发音错误并使表达更清晰。将will be easily be captured改为can be easily captured，使语法更准确。将they are easily be seen改为they are more visible，使表达更简洁。） The second reason is that the caring for the young, because they are difficult to find their own young and they will take care of other young instead of their youngers. The second disadvantage is related to caring for the young, as it becomes difficult for animals to find their own offspring and they may end up caring for others' young instead.（将the caring for the young改为related to caring for the young，使表达更清晰。将they are difficult to find their own young改为it becomes difficult for animals to find their own offspring，使语法更准确。将their youngers改为others' young，使表达更准确。） For example, the bats live in the same cave, and it is hard for the mother bats to find their baby. For instance, when bats live in the same cave, it becomes challenging for mother bats to locate their babies.（将the bats live in the same cave改为when bats live in the same cave，使表达更自然。将it is hard for the mother bats to find their baby改为it becomes challenging for mother bats to locate their babies，使语法更准确。） And when they return for finding food, so they will feed other babies, and this means their own baby don't be feed enough. When they return after finding food, they might feed other babies, which means their own babies may not receive enough nourishment.（将And when they return for finding food改为When they return after finding food，使表达更自然。将so they will feed other babies改为they might feed other babies，使语法更准确。将this means their own baby don't be feed enough改为which means their own babies may not receive enough nourishment，使表达更清晰。）

修订后的回答（140词）：

The lecture discusses two disadvantages of group living for animals. The first disadvantage is that animal groups are more visible to predators, as they are larger and more likely to be spotted than individuals. For example, sardines, small fish, are eaten by whales, and groups of sardines can be easily captured by whales because they are more visible. The second disadvantage is related to caring for the

6.思维导图

Disadvantages of Group Living for Animals
├── 1. Increased Visibility to Predators
│   ├── Example: Sardines
│   └── Consequence: Easier capture by whales
└── 2. Difficulties in Caring for the Young
    ├── Example: Bats in caves
    └── Consequence: Feeding other's young, own babies not nourished enough

7.关键词

1.子项得分

• 交付：3

• 语言使用：3

• 话题发展：3

2.预估分数

• 23

3.表达 从交付方面来看，发言者的语音清晰，流利，节奏稳定，仅有少量停顿。但在某些地方存在一些不恰当的停顿，导致标点符号问题。拼写错误是由于发音不准确造成的。为了提高交付质量，建议发言者注意在适当的地方停顿，以及练习准确的发音。

4.话题发展 从话题发展方面来看，发言者提供了一个连贯且组织良好的回答，并在回答中使用了讲座中的观点和例子。然而，在描述第一个缺点时，发言者将“sardine”误写为“satin”，这可能会让听众产生困惑。此外，在描述第二个缺点时，最后一句话中，“meaning her own baby won't get fat”这个表述不太恰当，应该改为“meaning her own baby won't get fed”。建议在复述讲座内容时注意用词准确性，并确保例子与论点紧密相连。

5.语言使用

原文：There are two disadvantages of living in groups of animals. There are two disadvantages for animals living in groups. (调整句子结构，使表述更自然) The first disadvantage is that they may be more visible to the predator. The first disadvantage is their increased visibility to predators. (使用更高级的词汇和更自然的表述) A group of animals are more likely to be spotted than the individual, so they are more valuable to being captured by the predator. A group of animals is more likely to be spotted than an individual, making them more vulnerable to being captured by predators. (修正语法错误并改进句子结构) For example, when there is only one satin sardine (纠正拼写错误) in the ocean, the whale may not find them. However, when there is a group of the satin, sardine, the whale may see and eat them. The second disadvantage is that it is difficult for them to carry for the young, because they cannot find and identify their own children, so their own children may not get the care they needed. For example, the bats are so crowded living in the cave, so they couldn't find their own baby, so their mother bat ended up feeding another baby, meaning her own baby won't get fat. meaning her own baby won't get fed. (修正表述，使其更自然)

修订版（140词）：

There are two disadvantages for animals living in groups. The first disadvantage is their increased visibility to predators. A group of animals is more likely to be spotted than an individual, making them more vulnerable to being captured by predators. For example, when there is only one sardine in the ocean, a whale may not find it. However, when there is a group of sardines, the whale can easily see and eat them. The second disadvantage is the difficulty in caring for their young, as they cannot easily find and identify their own offspring, resulting in their young not receiving the necessary care. For instance, bats living in crowded caves struggle to locate their own babies. Consequently, a mother bat might end up feeding another's baby instead of her own, meaning her own baby won't get fed.

6.思维导图

Disadvantages for Animals Living in Groups
├── Increased Visibility to Predators
│   ├── Example: Sardines and Whales
└── Difficulty in Caring for Young
    ├── Identifying their own offspring
    └── Example: Bats in crowded caves

7.关键词

1.子项得分

• 交付 (Delivery): 3

• 语言使用 (Language Use): 3

• 话题发展 (Topic Development): 3

2.预估分数

• 总分: 23

3.表达 整体来说，回答的表达较为清晰，但在某些地方需要改进。首先，在发音方面，需要注意一些单词的发音，如 "table" 应为 "type"。此外，在语速和停顿方面，可以适当提高语速，并减少不必要的停顿，使表达更加流畅。建议多练习朗读和模仿地道发音。

4.话题发展 回答内容基本上涵盖了听力材料中提到的两个缺点，并给出了相应的例子。但在组织结构上可以进一步优化。例如，在介绍每个缺点时，可以先总结一下这个缺点，然后再给出具体例子。此外，在引用听力材料中的例子时，尽量保持原文的准确性。例如，“one table of bats live together in the same cave” 应改为 “millions of bats live together in the same cave”。总体来说，需要在组织结构和对听力材料的准确引用方面加强练习。

5.语言使用

原文及修改：

The lecture is focusing on two disadvantages of living in a group for animals. One disadvantage is that animals living in groups are more visible to predators. Take sardines as an example. They swim in groups and they are prey for some large animals such as whales. Although it may be hard for whales to notice one single sardine, it is able to see a group of them and capture them for food. Another disadvantage is that living in groups set difficulties for animals to identify their own babies. For example, one tabletype (“table”应为“type”，表述错误) of bats live together in the same cave. With too muchmany (“too much”应为“many”，语法错误) bats in the same cave, mother bat may find it is too hard to find her own baby and she may end up feeding the babies of another mother bat, leaving her own babies with no food.

修订版（140字）：

The lecture discusses two disadvantages of animals living in groups. Firstly, these animals become more visible to predators. For instance, sardines swim in groups, making them easy prey for larger predators like whales. While a single sardine might go unnoticed, a group attracts attention and can be captured for food. Secondly, group living complicates identifying and caring for offspring. In the case of one type of bat that inhabits caves with millions of others, mother bats struggle to locate their young among the crowd. Consequently, they might inadvertently feed another's offspring, neglecting their own babies' needs.

6.思维导图

Disadvantages of Group Living
|
|-- More visible to predators
|   |-- Example: Sardines and whales
|
|-- Difficulties in identifying offspring
    |-- Example: Bats in caves

7.关键词

1.子项得分

• 交付：3

• 语言使用：3

• 话题发展：3

2.预估分数

• 总分：23

3.表达 回答中的发音和语速基本清晰流畅，但在某些地方存在不恰当的停顿。建议在练习时注意提高语言的连贯性，尽量减少不必要的停顿。同时，注意纠正发音错误，以免影响听众对内容的理解。

4.话题发展 回答内容基本上符合题目要求，能够较好地概括讲座中提到的两个缺点，并给出了相应的例子。但在组织结构上还有改进空间，可以尝试使用更清晰的连接词和过渡句来使回答更加连贯。此外，在描述例子时可以尝试更详细地解释为什么这些例子能支持论点，以增强说服力。

5.语言使用

原文：In the lecture, the professor talks about two disadvantages of animals which live in the group. In the lecture, the professor discusses two disadvantages faced by animals living in groups.（将"talks about"改为"discusses"，使语言更加正式；将"which live in the group"改为"faced by animals living in groups"，使句子结构更加清晰。）

To begin with, she indicates that it may make the animals more vulnerable to live in groups since the predators can easily find out them as a group. Firstly, she points out that living in groups may make animals more vulnerable because predators can easily detect them as a group.（将"indicates"改为"points out"，使表达更加准确；将"find out them as a group"改为"detect them as a group"，使句子结构更加清晰。）

She uses sardines as an example. When sardine is living in a group instead of living by itself, it is more easily for the whales, which are the sardine's predators, to spot on them, because sardine itself is too small to be found in the ocean. She cites sardines as an example. When sardines live in a group rather than individually, they are more easily spotted by whales, their predators, because a single sardine is too small to be noticed in the ocean.（将"sardine is living"改为"sardines live"，使语法正确；将"it is more easily for the whales"改为"they are more easily spotted by whales"，使句子结构更加清晰。）

Moreover, she mentions that the second disadvantage of living in a group is the worst caring for their own yarns. Furthermore, she mentions that the second disadvantage of living in groups is the inadequate care for their own offspring.（将"worst caring"改为"inadequate care"，使表达更加准确；将"yarns"改为"offspring"，纠正单词错误。）

She mentions bats as an instance. Bat lives in the dark cave. When the mother bat returns to cave to feed their own yarns, it is hard for them to discover their own child, and it is likely that they may make a mistake to feed other bats' yarns. She uses bats as an example. Bats live in dark caves. When a mother bat returns to the cave to feed her offspring, it is difficult for her to locate her own child, and she may mistakenly feed another bat's offspring.（将"instance"改为"example"，使表达更加准确；将"yarns"改为"offspring"，纠正单词错误；将"it is hard for them to discover their own child"改为"it is difficult for her to locate her own child"，使句子结构更加清晰。）

修订后的回答（140字）：

In the lecture, the professor discusses two disadvantages faced by animals living in groups. Firstly, she points out that living in groups may make animals more vulnerable because predators can easily detect them as a group. She cites sardines as an example. When sardines live in a group rather than individually, they are more easily spotted by whales, their predators, because a single sardine is too small to be noticed in the ocean. Furthermore, she mentions that the second disadvantage of living in groups is the inadequate care for their own offspring. She uses bats as an example. Bats live in dark caves. When a mother bat returns to the cave to feed her offspring, it is difficult for her to locate her own child, and she may mistakenly feed another bat's offspring.

6.思维导图

- Lecture
    - Disadvantages
        - Animals living in groups
            1. Increased vulnerability
                - Predators easily detect groups
                - Example: Sardines and whales
            2. Inadequate care for offspring
                - Difficulty locating own young
                - Example: Bats in dark caves

7.关键词

1. Sub Scores

• Delivery: 3

• Language Use: 3

• Topic Development: 3

2. Estimated Scores

• Total Score: 23

3. Delivery The speaker's delivery is mostly clear and fluid, with a consistent pace and only occasional pauses. However, there are some minor issues with word choice and sentence structure that can be improved. For example, the phrase "it is visible for predators" could be rephrased as "it makes them more visible to predators." Additionally, the phrase "it is not a valuable solution for them to hide the predators" could be rephrased as "it makes it difficult for them to hide from predators." To improve delivery, focus on refining word choice and sentence structure for better clarity.

4. Topic Development The speaker provides a coherent and well-organized response, with clear connections between ideas and sufficient support or examples. However, there is room for improvement in fully developing the examples provided. For instance, when discussing sardines, the speaker could further explain how their group behavior makes them more vulnerable to predation by whales. Similarly, when discussing bats, the speaker could elaborate on how this difficulty in identifying their young can negatively impact their offspring's survival chances. To improve topic development, focus on providing more in-depth explanations and examples to support the main points.

5. Language Use

Original: In a biology class, the professor explains two advantages disadvantages (corrected word for consistency with the question) of living in groups for animals. First of all, it is visible for predators more visible to predators (rephrased for clarity). For example, sardines. It is one kind of small fish and the whale will eat them for a living. If one sardine lives in the ocean, it is not easy for a whale to see them. But instead, large groups of sardines living in groups, it is not a valuable solution for them to hide the predators good strategy to avoid predators (rephrased for clarity and natural language flow). Second, it is hard for a mother to carry care (corrected word for proper meaning) for a young. For instance, the bats. Bats live in the caves and their mothers are difficult to identify their own babies. So sometimes another mother will feed other young bats for growing up because they cannot identify their babies.

Revised (140 words): In a biology class, the professor explains two disadvantages of living in groups for animals. Firstly, animals in groups are more visible to predators. For example, sardines are small fish that whales eat as food. When sardines live individually in the ocean, they are harder for whales to spot; however, when they form large groups, it becomes a less effective strategy to avoid predators. Secondly, it is challenging for mothers to care for their young in group settings. For instance, bats live in caves, and it is difficult for mother bats to identify their offspring. As a result, a mother bat may inadvertently feed another's young, hindering the growth and survival of her own babies due to the inability to recognize them.

6. Mind Map

• Disadvantages of living in groups
  • More visible to predators
    • Example: Sardines and whales
  • Difficulty in caring for young
    • Example: Bats in caves

7. Key Words

1. Sub Scores

• Delivery: 3

• Language Use: 3

• Topic Development: 3

2. Estimated Scores

• Total Score: 23

3. Delivery The speaker's delivery is generally clear and fluid, with a consistent pace and only occasional pauses. However, there is room for improvement in terms of pronunciation and reducing pauses. To enhance delivery, the speaker should practice speaking more naturally and work on their pronunciation of certain words.

4. Topic Development The response is coherent and well-organized, with clear connections between ideas and sufficient support or examples from the lecture. However, the speaker could further develop their response by elaborating on the examples provided and explaining how these disadvantages impact the animals' survival. To improve topic development, the speaker should focus on expanding their ideas and providing more detailed explanations.

5. Language Use

Original Answer: The lecture discusses two drawbacks of living in groups for animals. The lecture highlights two disadvantages faced by animals living in groups. (Rephrased for a more natural-sounding language style) Firstly, living in groups makes animals more vulnerable to predators. For example, sardines swim in groups, which makes them more noticeable for larger ocean animals like whales. Secondly, living in groups can make it difficult for animals to find and care for their own young. For instance, bats living in crowded caves may struggle to find their own babies and end up taking care of other bats' babies instead. This means that their own babies may not receive the care they need.

Revised Answer (140 words): The lecture highlights two disadvantages faced by animals living in groups. First, group living increases the vulnerability of animals to predators due to their increased visibility. For instance, sardines swimming in large schools are more easily spotted by predatory whales compared to a single sardine swimming alone. Second, group living can create challenges for animals when it comes to identifying and caring for their offspring. A prime example is the case of bats residing in densely populated caves, where mother bats often struggle to locate their own young among the multitude of other bats' offspring. Consequently, they may inadvertently care for another bat's baby while neglecting their own, leading to potential negative impacts on the survival and well-being of their offspring.

6. Mind Map

• Disadvantages
  • Increased visibility
    • Vulnerability to predators
    • Example: Sardines and whales
  • Identifying and caring for offspring
    • Difficulty in locating own young
    • Example: Bats in crowded caves

7. Key Words

1.子项得分

• 交付 (Delivery): 3

• 语言使用 (Language Use): 2.5

• 话题发展 (Topic Development): 3

2.预估分数

• 总分: 22

3.表达 从交付方面来看，发言者的语言流利，语速较为稳定，偶尔有停顿。但是，有一些拼写错误可能导致发音不准确。建议发言者在练习发音时多加注意，以提高口语表达的准确性。

4.话题发展 从话题发展方面来看，发言者提供了一个连贯且组织良好的回答，并通过讲座中的例子对两个缺点进行了解释。但是，在描述例子时出现了一些错误，例如将“sardines”误写为“salting fish”，将“bats”误写为“spats and calves”。建议在复述讲座内容时更加注意细节和准确性。

5.语言使用

原文：In the lecture, the professor explained the two disadvantages of living in groups for animals. First, the professor mentioned that group animals are more visible to the predators. Hence, they are likely for predators to seek them, which means they will be vulnerable to be preyed. The professor used salting fish as an example. Salting fish will be crawled together when they are swimming. A single salting fish is not visible to the predator. However, a group of salting fish is very vulnerable to the predator. And second, the professor mentioned that animals living in groups are difficult to carry for young children. They are difficult to find them in the groups. The professor used spats and calves as an example. Mothers might be end up feeding other spats and leaving their own baby alone.

修改后：In the lecture, the professor explained two disadvantages of animals living in groups. First, the professor mentioned that group animals are more visible to predators. Hence, they are more likely to be sought by predators, which means they will be more vulnerable to being preyed upon. The professor used sardines as an example. Sardines tend to cluster together when swimming. A single sardine is not visible to a predator; however, a group of sardines is very vulnerable to predation. Second, the professor mentioned that it is difficult for animals living in groups to care for their young offspring because it is hard for them to find their own young among others in the group. The professor used bats as an example. Mother bats might end up feeding other bats' offspring and neglecting their own babies.（将“salting fish”改为“sardines”，因为原文中的例子是关于沙丁鱼的；将“spats and calves”改为“bats”，因为原文中的例子是关于蝙蝠的。）

修改后的回答（140词）：

In the lecture, the professor explained two disadvantages of animals living in groups. First, the professor mentioned that group animals are more visible to predators. Hence, they are more likely to be sought by predators, which means they will be more vulnerable to being preyed upon. The professor used sardines as an example. Sardines tend to cluster together when swimming. A single sardine is not visible to a predator; however, a group of sardines is very vulnerable to predation. Second, the professor mentioned that it is difficult for animals living in groups to care for their young offspring because it is hard for them to find their own young among others in the group. The professor used bats as an example. Mother bats might end up feeding other bats' offspring and neglecting their own babies.

6.思维导图

- Disadvantages of animals living in groups
    - More visible to predators
        - Example: Sardines
    - Difficult to care for young offspring
        - Example: Bats

7.关键词

1. Sub Scores Delivery: 2 Language Use: 2 Topic Development: 3

2. Estimated Scores Estimated Score: 19

3. Delivery The speaker's delivery could be improved by focusing on clearer and more fluid speech. There were some pauses and punctuation issues that made the speech sound choppy. Additionally, the pronunciation of some words was inaccurate, leading to spelling errors in the written response. To improve, the speaker should practice speaking at a consistent pace and work on accurate pronunciation.

4. Topic Development The topic development was fairly well done, with the speaker providing two clear disadvantages of animals living in groups. However, there was an unnecessary mention of a third point that was not fully developed or relevant to the question. To improve, the speaker should focus on providing sufficient support and examples for each point and avoid introducing unrelated or underdeveloped ideas.

5. Language Use

Original Answer: First, it will be more visible to predators and easy to be spotted than individuals. Sardines swim in a group and it is more easy for the whale, his predators, to find sardines if they are swimming in a group. Second, it is pretty hard for them to carry for the young because they might be hard to distinguish the babies of them and he might take care of others' babies. Third, bats were kept in cages and it is pretty crowded with baby bats and it is really hard for a mother bat to find his own baby and once he finds food to feed his baby, he might mistakenly feed another baby bat but kept his own baby hungry.

Corrected Answer: Firstly, animals in groups are more visible to predators and easier to spot than individuals. Sardines swim in groups, making it easier for whales, their predators, to find them. Secondly, it is challenging for animals in groups to care for their young because they might struggle to distinguish their offspring from others', leading them to care for the wrong young. In the case of bats living in crowded caves, a mother bat may have difficulty finding her own baby. When she brings food back, she might mistakenly feed another baby bat while leaving her own hungry. (Changed "First" to "Firstly," "it will be" to "animals in groups are," "his predators" to "their predators," "carry" to "care," "the babies of them" to "their offspring," removed unnecessary third point about bats being kept in cages)

Revised 140-word Answer: In the lecture, the professor explains two disadvantages of animals living in groups. Firstly, animals in groups are more visible to predators and easier to spot than individuals. For example, sardines swim in groups, making it easier for whales, their predators, to find and capture them for food. Secondly, it is challenging for animals in groups to care for their young because they might struggle to distinguish their offspring from others', leading them to care for the wrong young. The professor illustrates this point with the example of bats living in crowded caves. A mother bat may have difficulty finding her own baby among the numerous young bats. When she brings food back to the cave, she might mistakenly feed another baby bat while leaving her own hungry. These disadvantages highlight the challenges animals face when living in groups.

6. Mind Map

- Disadvantages of animals living in groups
  - Increased visibility to predators
    - Example: Sardines and whales
  - Difficulty in caring for young
    - Example: Bats in crowded caves

7. Key Words

1.Sub Scores Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2.Estimated Scores

23. 3.Delivery

The speaker's delivery is generally clear and fluid, but there are some occasional pauses that could be improved. Additionally, some words are mispronounced, such as "sunbed" instead of "bat." To enhance the delivery, the speaker should practice proper pronunciation and work on maintaining a consistent pace throughout the response.

4.Topic Development The speaker provides a coherent and well-organized response, addressing both disadvantages mentioned in the lecture. However, the examples could be further developed and explained to provide more support for each point. To improve topic development, the speaker should focus on elaborating on the examples and ensuring that they clearly connect to the main points being discussed.

5.Language Use

In the lecture, the professor talked about some disadvantages of living in groups for animals. First, he mentioned that it is more visible for the animals to be seen from the predators. He used the example of the sardine sardines(plural form). You know the predators can spot on the animals living in groups. And so these animals are vulnerable to be captured by the predators. Sardines Sardines,(comma) are small fish living in groups and the whales, the biggest animal, can capture them easily. The second disadvantage is that they are difficult to carry the young. Because the animals are living in groups, it is really difficult for the parents to feed on their children. He used the example of the sunbed bat(correct word). The children are very crowded, so the sunbed bat(correct word) parents are really difficult to find a sunbed bat(correct word) and feed on other children.

Revised Answer (140 words):

In the lecture, the professor discussed two disadvantages of animals living in groups. Firstly, he mentioned that group-living animals are more visible to predators. He used sardines as an example, explaining that predators can easily spot them when they swim in groups, making them more vulnerable to being captured. Sardines, small fish that live in groups, can be easily captured by larger ocean animals like whales.

The second disadvantage is related to caring for their young. In large groups, it becomes difficult for parents to identify and care for their offspring. The professor used bats as an example, stating that in crowded conditions, it is challenging for mother bats to find their babies. Consequently, they might end up feeding the offspring of other bats, leaving their own young without proper care.

6.Mind Map

- Disadvantages of living in groups for animals
  - Increased visibility to predators
    - Example: Sardines
  - Difficulty in caring for young
    - Example: Bats

7.Key Words

1.子项得分

Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2.预估分数

23. 3.表达

从表达方面来看，这位考生的发音和语速基本上是清晰和流畅的，但在某些地方还是有一些不自然的停顿。建议考生在练习口语时注意保持连贯性和自然的语速，尽量减少不必要的停顿。同时，可以多加练习发音，提高准确度。

4.话题发展

从话题发展方面来看，考生的回答内容基本上是连贯和有条理的，也给出了足够的例子来支持观点。但在组织结构上还有一定的改进空间。建议考生在回答问题时尝试使用更清晰的逻辑结构，如首先简要概述两个缺点，然后再分别详细阐述每个缺点及其例子。这样可以让回答更加条理清晰，更容易让听众理解。

5.语言使用

原文：Well, the professor talks about two disadvantages of living in groups for animals. The professor discusses two disadvantages animals face when living in groups.（将"talks about"改为更正式的"discusses"，同时调整句子结构使其更自然。）
And the first one is that they are more visible to predators, like sardines, they often swim in groups. The first disadvantage is increased visibility to predators; for example, sardines often swim in groups.（用分号连接两个相关的独立子句，使句子更流畅。）
So whales, you know, they're predators, probably wouldn't notice one sardine, but whales could easily see a group of sardines and eat them. As a result, predators like whales might not notice a single sardine but can easily spot and consume a group of them.（去掉口语化的表达"you know"，并调整句子结构使其更自然。）
Besides, another disadvantage has to do with caring for the young. Furthermore, the second disadvantage is related to caring for the young.（将"Besides"改为更正式的"Furthermore"。）
For example, millions of bats live together in the same cave. For instance, millions of bats coexist in a single cave.（用"coexist"替换"live together"，使句子更简洁。）
So when a mother bat returns from finding food, it might actually feed the babies of another mother bat. Therefore, when a mother bat returns after finding food, she may inadvertently feed another mother's offspring.（调整句子结构使其更自然。）
In this case, her own babies don't get fed. In such cases, her own offspring may not receive the necessary nourishment.（用更正式的词汇替换"don't get fed"。）
Therefore, these are the two disadvantages of living in groups for animals. Hence, these are the two primary disadvantages animals encounter when living in groups.（将"for animals"改为更自然的表达方式，并使用"Hence"作为结论词。）

修订版（140字）：

The professor discusses two disadvantages animals face when living in groups. The first disadvantage is increased visibility to predators; for example, sardines often swim in groups. As a result, predators like whales might not notice a single sardine but can easily spot and consume a group of them. Furthermore, the second disadvantage is related to caring for the young. For instance, millions of bats coexist in a single cave. Therefore, when a mother bat returns after finding food, she may inadvertently feed another mother's offspring. In such cases, her own offspring may not receive the necessary nourishment. Hence, these are the two primary disadvantages animals encounter when living in groups.

6.思维导图

Disadvantages of Living in Groups for Animals
├── Increased Visibility to Predators
│   ├── Example: Sardines
│   └── Consequence: Easier for predators like whales to spot and consume
└── Caring for the Young
    ├── Example: Bats in a cave
    └── Consequence: Mother bats may inadvertently feed other offspring, neglecting their own

7.关键词

1.子项得分

• 交付：3

• 语言使用：3

• 话题发展：3

2.预估分数

• 23

3.表达 从交付方面来看，回答中的语言流畅度和语速基本一致，偶尔出现停顿。为了提高口语表达能力，建议在练习时注意提高发音准确性，尤其是在涉及专业词汇时。此外，适当地运用连词和过渡词可以使表达更加流畅。

4.话题发展 从话题发展方面来看，回答内容较为完整，能够清晰地阐述两个缺点，并给出了相应的例子。但在组织结构上还有改进的空间。建议在回答时先简要概括听力内容，然后再详细阐述两个缺点及其例子。此外，在论述每个缺点时，可以适当加入一些过渡词和连接词，使得回答更加连贯。

5.语言使用

Original Answer: The professor stresses that although living in groups of same species will be beneficial for the animals to survive, there are also some disadvantages. The first one is that living in groups will make the animals more visible to the predators. The professor provides sardine as an example to articulate this point. The whale, as the predator, might not notice one single sardine, but a school of sardines will definitely catch its attention. Secondly, living in groups is making it hard for the parents' animals to identify their own offspring. For example, there are millions of bats living in the same cave. It's hard for their mother to identify their own babies. Once the mother returns to the cave with food, they might feed the food to other bats and leave their own children hungry.

Corrected Answer: The professor emphasizes that although living in groups of the same species can be beneficial for animals' survival, there are also some disadvantages. The first one is that living in groups makes animals more visible to predators. The professor provides sardines as an example to illustrate this point. A whale, as a predator, might not notice a single sardine, but a school of sardines will definitely catch its attention. Secondly, living in groups makes it difficult for parent animals to identify their own offspring. For example, millions of bats live together in the same cave. It's challenging for a mother bat to find her own babies. Once she returns to the cave with food, she might feed other bats' babies and leave her own offspring hungry.

(将“of same species”改为“of the same species”，使句子更自然。将“for the animals to survive”改为“for animals' survival”，使句子更简洁。将“provides sardine”改为“provides sardines”，使句子语法正确。将“the parents' animals”改为“parent animals”，使句子更自然。)

Revised Answer (140 words): The professor emphasizes that living in groups of the same species can be beneficial for animals' survival, but there are also disadvantages. The first disadvantage is increased visibility to predators when living in groups. The professor illustrates this point with the example of sardines: a whale, as a predator, might not notice a single sardine, but a school of sardines will definitely catch its attention. The second disadvantage is the difficulty for parent animals to identify their own offspring in large groups. For instance, millions of bats live together in the same cave, making it challenging for a mother bat to find her own babies. Consequently, when she returns to the cave with food, she might inadvertently feed other bats' babies and leave her own offspring hungry.

6.思维导图

- Introduction
  - Living in groups
  - Benefits and disadvantages

- Disadvantage 1
  - Increased visibility to predators
  - Example: Sardines and whales

- Disadvantage 2
  - Difficulty identifying offspring
  - Example: Bats in a cave

- Conclusion
  - Two main disadvantages of living in groups for animals

7.关键词

1.子项得分

• 交付：3

• 语言使用：3

• 话题发展：3

2.预估分数

• 23

3.表达 在这个回答中，发言者的表达大部分是清晰和流畅的，但有一些地方需要改进。例如，"saddness" 应该是 "sardines"，这可能是由于发音不准确导致的拼写错误。此外，部分句子中存在适当的停顿。为了提高交付得分，建议发言者练习更清晰、准确的发音，并注意在句子之间保持适当的停顿。

4.话题发展 从话题发展的角度来看，发言者提供了一个连贯且组织良好的回答，并通过讲座中的例子来支持观点。然而，可以进一步改进。例如，在讨论第一个缺点时，可以更详细地解释为什么动物群体容易被捕食者发现。此外，在讨论第二个缺点时，可以强调这种现象对动物后代生存和繁衍的影响。总之，为了提高话题发展得分，建议发言者在解释观点时提供更多细节，并强调其重要性。

5.语言使用

原文：In the lecture, the professor talks about two disadvantages of living in a group. The first disadvantage is that living in a group makes the animal group more visible to predators. For example, the saddness, swimming groups, which make them easy to spot for their predators, like whales. A whale may not notice an individual sadden, but when there is a group of saddens, the whale can easily see them and capture them. And the second disadvantage is that animals may find it hard to identify and care for their young. For example, bats live in a group in caves, with millions of bats living close together. It's hard for a mother bat to spot its own baby bat. And when the mother bat comes back from hunting, it may end up feeding the baby bat of another mother bat. This way, the bat's own baby may not be fed.

修改后：In the lecture, the professor discusses two disadvantages of animals living in groups. The first disadvantage is that living in groups makes animals more visible to predators. For example, sardines swim in groups, making them easier for predators like whales to spot. A whale might not notice an individual sardine; however, when there is a group of sardines, the whale can easily see and capture them. The second disadvantage is that animals may struggle to identify and care for their offspring. For instance, bats live in large colonies within caves, with millions of bats residing close together. It's challenging for a mother bat to locate her own baby bat among the multitude. When she returns from hunting, she might inadvertently feed another mother's baby bat instead of her own offspring. (将“saddness”改为“sardines”，“sadden”改为“sardine”，并使用更自然的连接词和表达方式，如“discusses”、“however”等。)

修订版（140字）：

In the lecture, the professor discusses two disadvantages of animals living in groups. The first disadvantage is that group living makes animals more visible to predators. For instance, sardines swim in groups, making them easier for predators like whales to spot and capture. A whale might not notice a single sardine, but a group is easily seen. The second disadvantage is that animals may struggle to identify and care for their offspring. Bats, for example, live in large colonies within caves, with millions residing close together. It's challenging for a mother bat to locate her own baby among the multitude. When she returns from hunting, she might inadvertently feed another mother's baby bat instead of her own offspring, leading to inadequate care for her young.

6.思维导图

- Introduction
  - Two disadvantages of animals living in groups

- Disadvantage 1
  - Increased visibility to predators
  - Example: Sardines and whales

- Disadvantage 2
  - Difficulty identifying and caring for offspring
  - Example: Bats in large colonies within caves

- Conclusion
  - Group living can have negative consequences for animals' survival and care for their young

7.关键词

1.子项得分

• 交付：2

• 语言使用：2

• 话题发展：2

2.预估分数

• 总分：19

3.表达 在这个回答中，发言者的表达不够清晰流畅，语速不一致，有时会出现停顿。为了提高表达能力，建议发言者在练习时注意保持语速的一致性，并尽量减少不必要的停顿。同时，注意正确发音以避免拼写错误。

4.话题发展 虽然发言者提到了两个生活在群体中的动物的缺点，但在组织和阐述方面还有待提高。建议发言者在回答问题时更加清晰地组织思路，确保观点之间的联系紧密，并给出足够的支持或例子来支持论点。此外，注意使用恰当的连接词来帮助理解。

5.语言使用

Original Answer: Well, the lecture talks about the benefits of animals living in groups. Besides, the speaker also points out the disadvantages of living together. Firstly, it will make visible for predators. Take sardine fish as an example. Well, we spotted them very easily and they will eat them later. Secondly, young animals will find it difficult to find their moms to get food. Sometimes, the mom will give milk to other animals. Take bats for example.

Corrected Answer: The lecture discusses the benefits of animals living in groups but also highlights the disadvantages of group living. First, it increases visibility to predators. For instance, sardine fish are more easily spotted by predators when in a group. Second, young animals may struggle to find their mothers for nourishment. In some cases, mothers may even feed other offspring inadvertently, as seen with bats. (将原文中的表述进行了修改，使其更加自然流畅，同时修正了一些语法和词汇问题。例如，将“it will make visible for predators”修改为“it increases visibility to predators”，使句子更加通顺。)

Revised Answer (140 words):

The lecture discusses both the advantages and disadvantages of animals living in groups. While there are benefits to group living, such as increased protection and social interaction, there are also significant drawbacks that can negatively impact the survival of these animals.

One major disadvantage is that living in groups makes animals more visible to predators. For example, sardine fish swimming together in large schools are more easily spotted and targeted by predators like whales compared to a single sardine swimming alone.

Another disadvantage is that young animals may have difficulty finding their mothers for nourishment in a crowded environment. This can lead to mothers inadvertently feeding other offspring, as seen in the case of bats living in large colonies. Consequently, their own young may not receive the care and sustenance they need, potentially affecting their growth and survival.

6.思维导图

• Introduction

  • Benefits and disadvantages of group living

• Disadvantage 1

  • Increased visibility to predators
  • Example: sardine fish

• Disadvantage 2

  • Difficulty in finding mothers for nourishment
  • Example: bats in large colonies

• Conclusion

  • Impact on survival and growth

7.关键词

1.子项得分

• 交付 (Delivery): 3

• 语言使用 (Language Use): 3

• 话题发展 (Topic Development): 3

2.预估分数

• 总分: 23

3.表达 总体来说，回答的表达较为清晰，但仍有改进的空间。建议在发音方面多加练习，以提高语言的准确性。此外，注意在适当的地方停顿，以增强语言的连贯性和流畅度。

4.话题发展 回答内容基本上涵盖了听力材料中的关键信息，并给出了相应的例子。但在组织结构上可以更加清晰。建议在回答开头部分简要概括两个缺点，然后分别阐述每个缺点及其例子。这样可以使回答更具条理性和连贯性。

5.语言使用

Original Answer: Although animals benefit from living in groups, but there are also some disadvantages of them. Firstly, they are more visible for predators. When animals are living in groups, they are more easily to be spotted by those predators than they are living alone. The professor takes sateen as an example. They are a kind of small fish which is difficult for whales to observe when living alone. However, when they are in groups, they are easily to be captured by whales. And secondly, it may also cause those young babies to be ignored by their parents when living in groups. For example, bats living proudly in caves. And those mother bats may be difficult to find their own babies and also feed others babies by mistake.

Corrected Answer: Although animals benefit derive benefits (使表达更自然) from living in groups, there are also some disadvantages of them to consider (更清晰的表达). Firstly, they are more visible for to (介词用法错误) predators. When animals live in groups, they are more easily to be spotted easily spotted (语法错误，去掉to be) by predators than when they live alone. The professor takes sateen sardines (拼写错误) as an example. They are a kind of small fish which is difficult for whales to observe when living alone. However, when they are in groups, they are easily to be captured easily captured (语法错误，去掉to be) by whales. Secondly, it may also cause young babies offspring (使用更专业的词汇) to be ignored by their parents when living in groups. For example, bats live proudly crowdedly (修饰词错误，应表示拥挤) in caves. Those mother bats may find it difficult to locate their own babies and might feed others' babies by mistake.

Revised Answer (140 words): Although animals derive benefits from living in groups, there are also some disadvantages to consider. Firstly, they become more visible to predators when living in groups. Animals in groups are more easily spotted by predators than those living alone. The professor cites sardines as an example, which are small fish that are difficult for whales to observe individually. However, when sardines form groups, they become easily captured by whales. Secondly, group living may lead to young offspring being neglected by their parents. For instance, bats live crowdedly in caves, making it challenging for mother bats to locate their own babies. Consequently, they might mistakenly feed other bats' offspring, depriving their own young of the necessary care and nourishment.

6.思维导图

- Disadvantages of living in groups
    - Increased visibility to predators
        - Example: Sardines
    - Neglect of young offspring
        - Example: Bats in caves

7.关键词