TOEFL TPO 27 Speaking Task 4 Sample: Using the examples from the lecture, explain two developments that allowed ancient Roman cities to expand.

1.子项得分

• Delivery: 3

• Language Use: 2.5

• Topic Development: 3

2.预估分数

• 22

3.表达 在回答中，发音大部分清晰，但有些地方需要改进。例如，“Atacritus”应该是“aqueducts”。此外，尽量减少不必要的停顿，让语言更流畅。建议多加练习，提高发音准确度和语言流利度。

4.话题发展 The response is mostly coherent and well-organized, but there are some areas for improvement. The first development, concrete, is explained well, but the second development should be referred to as "aqueducts" instead of "Atacritus." Additionally, try to provide more specific examples or details about how these developments allowed Roman cities to expand. For example, you could mention how aqueducts allowed cities to be built in locations far from rivers and still have access to fresh water. Overall, work on using accurate terminology and providing more detailed explanations to improve topic development.

5.语言使用

Original Answer: The first thing allows ancient Romans to expand so rapidly is concrete. The concrete of the buildings make the Romans can build some new structures like bridges. And the bridges made the Romans expand more rapidly because they can pass the river by the bridges. And not like the other civilizations, they cannot even pass the river so efficiently. And second, the Romans invented the channel which is called the Atacritus. And the Atacritus makes the Romans could get water from the mountain and live far away from the river, which often gives them water resources as we all know. And that allows them to live far away from the river so that they can expand.

Corrected Answer: The first development that allowed ancient Romans to expand rapidly was their advanced concrete technology. This enabled them to construct new structures such as bridges, which facilitated their expansion across rivers more efficiently than other civilizations. The second development was their invention of aqueducts, which allowed them to transport water from mountain sources and live far away from rivers, providing essential water resources for their growing cities. (将“thing”改为“development”，更准确地描述罗马的发展；将“make”改为“enabled”，使句子结构更自然；将“Atacritus”改为“aqueducts”，纠正单词拼写；简化句子，使语言更自然流畅。)

Revised Answer (140 words): The first development that allowed ancient Roman cities to expand rapidly was their advanced concrete technology. This innovative material enabled them to construct durable and robust structures such as bridges, which facilitated their expansion across rivers more efficiently than other civilizations at that time. These bridges allowed the transportation of equipment and materials, enabling Roman cities to grow on both sides of the river. The second development was their invention of aqueducts, an ingenious system of open channels that transported water from mountain sources to cities. These aqueducts provided a steady flow of fresh water over great distances, even to places far from rivers. As a result, Roman cities could be built in new locations and still have access to essential water resources for drinking and bathing, allowing them to grow larger and expand further than ever before.

6.思维导图

• Ancient Roman Cities Expansion
  • Advanced Concrete Technology
    • New Structures
      • Bridges
        • Efficient Expansion across Rivers
  • Invention of Aqueducts
    • Open Channels
      • Water Transportation from Mountain Sources
        • Cities Built Far from Rivers
          • Access to Essential Water Resources

7.关键词

1.Sub Scores

• Delivery: 3

• Language Use: 3

• Topic Development: 3

2.Estimated Scores

• Total Score: 23

3.Delivery The speaker's delivery is generally clear and fluid, but there are some occasional pauses that could be reduced. Additionally, some words were mispronounced, such as "hearths" instead of "hardens." To improve, the speaker should practice speaking more consistently and work on their pronunciation of certain words.

4.Topic Development The response is coherent and well-organized, with clear connections between ideas. However, the speaker could provide more specific examples or details to better support their points. For example, they could mention the Roman bridges and aqueducts as specific examples of the advancements that allowed Roman cities to expand. To improve topic development, the speaker should focus on providing more concrete examples and elaborating on their points.

5.Language Use

Original Answer: First, they have building materials, concrete slabs can become hearths, so that they can make bridges to transport items or commodities through wagons. And also, it connects different parts of the towns to remove the natural barriers. They also have the ability to transport fresh water, for example, they can use open tunnels to transport fresh water from mountains to cities, to satisfy the daily demands for water. So that they don't have to use their cities near rivers, enabling them to expand the cities.

Corrected Answer: First, they had advanced building materials(added "advanced" for clarity); concrete slabs could become hearthsharden underwater(corrected "become hearths" to "harden underwater" for accuracy), allowing them to construct bridges for transporting goods via wagons. This connected different parts of the cities and overcame natural barriers. They also developed a method for transporting fresh water(rephrased for clarity); they used open tunnelsaqueducts(corrected "open tunnels" to "aqueducts" for accuracy) to bring water from mountains to cities, meeting daily water needs. This eliminated the need for cities to be located near rivers and enabled expansion.

Revised 140-word Answer: The ancient Romans had two key developments that allowed their cities to expand. First, they had advanced building materials, such as concrete that could harden underwater. This innovation enabled them to construct sturdy bridges for transporting goods via wagons, connecting different parts of the cities and overcoming natural barriers like rivers. Second, they developed an efficient method for transporting fresh water using aqueducts. These structures carried water from mountain sources to cities, meeting the daily water needs of the population. As a result, Roman cities were no longer restricted to being located near rivers, allowing for greater expansion and growth. These advancements in building materials and water transportation systems significantly contributed to the expansion of ancient Roman cities, setting them apart from other cities of the ancient world.

6.Mind Map

- Ancient Roman Cities Expansion
  - Advanced Building Materials
    - Concrete hardening underwater
    - Sturdy bridges
      - Transporting goods via wagons
      - Connecting city parts
      - Overcoming natural barriers (rivers)
  - Efficient Water Transportation
    - Aqueducts
      - Bringing water from mountains to cities
      - Meeting daily water needs
    - No need for cities near rivers
    - Greater expansion and growth

7.Key Words

1.子项得分

• 交付：3

• 语言使用：3

• 话题发展：3

2.预估分数

• 总分：23

3.表达 从交付方面来看，回答基本上是清晰的，但有时候语速不太稳定，偶尔出现停顿。为了提高交付能力，建议练习更流利、稳定的语速，并尽量减少不必要的停顿。此外，注意正确发音，以避免拼写错误。

4.话题发展 从话题发展方面来看，回答内容基本上是连贯和组织良好的，但在一些地方可以更加明确地表达观点。例如，在解释罗马桥梁的优势时，可以更详细地描述这种特殊混凝土如何使桥梁更加坚固。同时，在谈到引水渠时，可以强调它们是如何精心规划和建造的，以确保水源稳定。总之，为了提高话题发展能力，请尝试在回答中提供更多具体细节和例子。

5.语言使用

原文：Well, the professor explained two developments that allow ancient Roman cities to expand. First, Romans have an advantage in building materials, comets. And comets are hot underwater, so that people can build better bridges that can cross white rivers. And after that, Romans can transport equipment and materials across rivers, so they can build cities on both sides of rivers. The second strategy is that they can build aqueducts. That aqueducts can move fresh water, and it's an open channel to transport water from high mountains to cities. They can carry tremendously of water, and because of that, humans can have clean water to drink, so they don't need to locate near water.

修正后：Well, the professor explained two developments that allowed ancient Roman cities to expand. First, the Romans had an advantage in building materials, specifically concrete. This concrete hardened underwater, enabling people to construct better bridges that could span wide rivers. As a result, the Romans could transport equipment and materials across rivers and build cities on both sides of them. The second development was the construction of aqueducts. These aqueducts moved fresh water through open channels from high mountains to cities. They could carry tremendous amounts of water, allowing people to have clean drinking water without needing to live near a river.

解释：

• (将"allow"改为"allowed"，以保持时态一致。)

• (将"comets"改为"specifically concrete"，因为原文中的词汇不正确。)

• (将"hot underwater"改为"hardened underwater"，以更准确地描述混凝土的特性。)

• (将"white rivers"改为"wide rivers"，因为原文中的词汇不正确。)

• (将"strategy"改为"development"，以保持一致性。)

• (将"tremendously of water"改为"tremendous amounts of water"，以提高语法准确性。)

• (将"humans can have clean water to drink, so they don't need to locate near water."改为"allowing people to have clean drinking water without needing to live near a river."，以提高表达的自然度。)

修订版（140字）：

The professor explained two developments that allowed ancient Roman cities to expand. Firstly, the Romans had an advantage in building materials, specifically concrete. This concrete hardened underwater, enabling people to construct better bridges that could span wide rivers. As a result, the Romans could transport equipment and materials across rivers and build cities on both sides of them. The second development was the construction of aqueducts. These aqueducts moved fresh water through open channels from high mountains to cities. They could carry tremendous amounts of water, allowing people to have clean drinking water without needing to live near a river.

6.思维导图

- Introduction
  - Two developments

- Development 1
  - Building materials
    - Concrete
      - Hardened underwater
      - Better bridges
        - Span wide rivers
        - Transport equipment and materials
        - Cities on both sides of rivers

- Development 2
  - Aqueducts
    - Open channels
      - Fresh water from high mountains to cities
      - Tremendous amounts of water
      - Clean drinking water without living near a river

7.关键词

1.子项得分

• 交付：3

• 语言使用：3

• 话题发展：3

2.预估分数

• 总分：23

3.表达 在回答中，发音大部分清晰，但在某些地方需要更好地掌握发音。例如，“Asian”应该是“ancient”，以便更准确地传达信息。此外，尝试保持一致的语速并减少不必要的停顿。为了提高口语表达能力，可以多加练习和模仿英语母语者的发音。

4.话题发展 回答内容基本上是连贯和有组织的，但可以进一步改进。首先，在开头部分，应明确指出两个允许古罗马城市扩张的发展是什么，而不是提到亚洲城市。其次，在解释桥梁和渠道时，可以更详细地描述它们如何促使城市扩张。例如，在谈到桥梁时，可以强调它们如何使城市能够在河流两岸发展；在谈到渠道时，可以解释它们如何使城市能够在远离河流的地方建立。通过提供更多详细信息和具体示例，可以使回答更加充实和有说服力。

5.语言使用

原文：In the lecture, the professor explained the two developments that allowed Asian and Roman cities to expand. In the lecture, the professor explained the two developments that allowed ancient Roman cities to expand. (将“Asian”改为“ancient Roman”，以更准确地描述讲座的内容。) The first one is to use the new material. They used the concrete material to construct the bridge. Take the bridge as an example. It can be hardened under the water, and it can cross the wide river. It can transport the equipment and new material. And the second way is to move the fresh clean water. Take the example, they constructed the aqueduct structure. It is the open channel. It can be used to move the water from the high hills to the cities, so the Roman people Roman citizens (将“Roman people”改为“Roman citizens”，使表达更自然。) can get the fresh clean water even from the far away places distant locations (将“far away places”改为“distant locations”，使表达更自然。). So they can use the water to drink and live.

修订版（140词）：

In the lecture, the professor explained two key developments that allowed ancient Roman cities to expand significantly. The first development was their innovative use of a special concrete material for constructing bridges. These bridges could harden underwater, allowing them to span wide rivers and transport equipment and materials efficiently. As a result, Roman cities could grow on both sides of the river, creating larger urban areas than previously possible. The second development was the invention of aqueducts, which were open channels designed to transport fresh, clean water from high hills to the cities. This system enabled Roman citizens to access clean water for drinking and bathing even in distant locations, far from rivers. Consequently, cities could expand into new areas without being limited by their proximity to water sources. These two advancements played a crucial role in the growth and expansion of ancient Roman cities.

6.思维导图

- Ancient Roman Cities
    - Expansion
        - Development 1: Special Concrete
            - Bridge construction
            - Harden underwater
            - Span wide rivers
            - Transport equipment and materials
        - Development 2: Aqueducts
            - Open channels
            - Transport fresh, clean water
            - From high hills to cities
            - Accessible water in distant locations

7.关键词

1.子项得分

• 交付 (Delivery): 3

• 语言使用 (Language Use): 3

• 话题发展 (Topic Development): 3

2.预估分数

• 总分: 23

3.表达 从交付方面来看，发言者的语言流利，语速较为稳定，仅有少量停顿。为了提高表达能力，建议发言者在练习时注意自己的发音准确性，并尝试减少不必要的停顿。

4.话题发展 从话题发展方面来看，发言者提供了一个连贯且组织良好的回答，并在回答中明确提到了两个罗马城市扩张的关键技术：混凝土和渠道。然而，为了使回答更加完整和有说服力，建议发言者在举例时更具体地描述这些技术是如何促使罗马城市扩张的。例如，在谈到混凝土时，可以提到罗马人如何利用这种材料在河流两岸建造坚固的桥梁，从而使城市得以扩张；在谈到渠道时，可以强调罗马人如何通过精心规划和建造渠道，将远离河流的地区供水，使城市能够在新的地点发展壮大。

5.语言使用

原文：This lecture is mainly about two developments that allowed ancient Roman cities to expand. The lecture discusses two key developments that enabled the expansion of ancient Roman cities. (将句子改为更自然的表达方式) The first technology is concrete, which is an advanced building material. The first development is the use of concrete, an advanced building material. (修改句子结构，使其更自然) For example, ancient Roman cities used this type of material to build bridges. For instance, the Romans utilized this material to construct durable bridges across rivers. (增加细节描述，使句子更具说服力) So, carts and something like that were allowed to pass over a wide river. As a result, wagons and carts could easily cross wide rivers, facilitating the growth of cities on both sides of the river. (详细说明结果，使句子更完整) The second technology is aqueducts, which could move fresh clean water to cities. The second development is the invention of aqueducts, which transported fresh clean water to cities over long distances. (增加细节描述，使句子更具说服力) For instance, ancient Roman cities invited open channels to move fresh water for a long distance. For example, the Romans built carefully planned open channels that carried water from mountain sources to urban areas. (修改句子结构，增加细节描述)

修订版（140词）：

The lecture discusses two key developments that enabled the expansion of ancient Roman cities. The first development is the use of concrete, an advanced building material. For instance, the Romans utilized this material to construct durable bridges across rivers. As a result, wagons and carts could easily cross wide rivers, facilitating the growth of cities on both sides of the river. This allowed Roman cities to grow larger than their counterparts in other ancient civilizations. The second development is the invention of aqueducts, which transported fresh clean water to cities over long distances. For example, the Romans built carefully planned open channels that carried water from mountain sources to urban areas. These aqueducts provided a steady flow of water, enabling cities to develop in locations far from rivers. Consequently, Roman cities could expand and thrive in new locations, contributing to their impressive size and influence.

6.思维导图

- Expansion of Ancient Roman Cities
  - Concrete
    - Advanced building material
    - Durable bridges
    - Facilitate growth on both sides of the river
  - Aqueducts
    - Transport fresh clean water
    - Long distances
    - Carefully planned open channels
    - Enable cities to develop far from rivers

7.关键词

1.子项得分

• 交付 (Delivery): 3

• 语言使用 (Language Use): 3

• 话题发展 (Topic Development): 3

2.预估分数

• 总分: 23

3.表达 从交付方面来看，发言者的语音清晰，语速基本稳定，偶尔有停顿。为了提高交付能力，建议发言者在练习时注意掌握自然的语调和节奏，尽量减少不必要的停顿。此外，注意正确发音以避免拼写错误。

4.话题发展 从话题发展方面来看，发言者提供了一个相对连贯和组织良好的回答，并且明确地给出了两个例子。但是，可以在解释这两个例子时更加详细和具体。例如，在谈到罗马混凝土时，可以提到它如何使得桥梁更加坚固；在谈到引水渠时，可以强调它们如何使得城市能够在远离河流的地方扩张。通过提供更多细节和具体信息，可以使回答更加充实和有说服力。

5.语言使用

原文：Well, the two developments that allowed ancient Roman cities to expand, the first is their advanced technology. The first development that allowed ancient Roman cities to expand was their advanced technology.（将原句中的表述进行了调整，使其更自然。） The advanced technology allowed them to build more advanced materials, such as concrete, which is hardened in the water. This technology enabled them to create advanced materials like concrete, which hardened underwater.（对原句进行了改写，使其更符合英语表达习惯。） They used the concrete to build some bridges, which can allow better and wider go across some more wider rivers from both sides. They used this concrete to construct bridges that could span wider rivers on both sides, allowing for better transportation.（对原句进行了改写，使其更清晰易懂。） And these make people's livings come very, very convenient. This made people's lives much more convenient.（对原句进行了简化，使其更自然。） And the second way is there are more fresh waters through aqueducts. The second development was the introduction of fresh water through aqueducts.（对原句进行了改写，使其更符合英语表达习惯。） They open some channels through aqueducts, and the aqueducts can transfer some water from very high mountains to very low cities from between a large distance. They built channels using aqueducts, which transported water from high mountains to cities over long distances.（对原句进行了改写，使其更清晰易懂。） And the channel allows for some fresh and clean water for people's living, and people can enjoy a more healthy life. These channels provided fresh and clean water for people's daily needs, allowing them to enjoy a healthier lifestyle.（对原句进行了改写，使其更自然。）

修订版（140词）：

The first development that allowed ancient Roman cities to expand was their advanced technology. This technology enabled them to create advanced materials like concrete, which hardened underwater. They used this concrete to construct bridges that could span wider rivers on both sides, allowing for better transportation. This made people's lives much more convenient. The second development was the introduction of fresh water through aqueducts. They built channels using aqueducts, which transported water from high mountains to cities over long distances. These channels provided fresh and clean water for people's daily needs, allowing them to enjoy a healthier lifestyle. With these two developments, Roman cities were able to grow larger and more prosperous than their counterparts in the ancient world.

6.思维导图

- Ancient Roman Cities Expansion
  - Advanced Technology
    - Concrete
      - Hardened underwater
      - Construct bridges
        - Span wider rivers
        - Better transportation
  - Aqueducts
    - Channels
      - Transport water from mountains to cities
      - Long distances
    - Fresh and clean water
      - Daily needs
      - Healthier lifestyle

7.关键词

1.子项得分 Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2.预估分数 Estimated Score: 23

3.表达 在表达方面，发言者的语速较为稳定，但有时会出现不必要的停顿。为了提高口语表达能力，建议发言者注意在适当的地方停顿，以保持连贯性。此外，还需注意准确发音以避免拼写错误。加强练习和模仿地道英语发音将有助于改善这一问题。

4.话题发展 The speaker provided a coherent and well-organized response, mentioning the two developments that allowed ancient Roman cities to expand: special concrete and aqueducts. However, there is room for improvement in terms of providing more detailed examples and explanations. For instance, the speaker could have mentioned how the special concrete allowed for stronger bridges that could support wagons and carts, and how aqueducts enabled cities to grow in new locations far from rivers. To improve topic development, the speaker should focus on elaborating on the examples given and providing more context to better support their points.

6.语言使用

Original Answer: There are two methods that the ancient Romans can expand the city to a very large place. There were two developments that allowed ancient Roman cities to expand significantly. (句子结构和词汇的改进) The first method is referred to as special concrete. The first development was the invention of a special type of concrete. (语法和词汇的改进) The concrete is very useful for building some large buildings. For instance, they used the concrete to build a huge bridge across the river, which means they can expand one side of the city to another side of the river. The second method refers to the ways to bring the water from a long distance. The second development involved an innovative way to transport water over long distances. (词汇和语法的改进) For instance, the aquascapes, which can be built from the high mountains and can lead water to the humans without leaving the river, which allows the city to survive.

Revised Answer (140 words):

There were two developments that allowed ancient Roman cities to expand significantly. The first development was the invention of a special type of concrete, which had unique properties that enabled it to harden underwater. This concrete was instrumental in constructing large and durable structures such as bridges. These bridges could span wide rivers, allowing cities to grow on both sides and facilitating transportation with wagons and carts. The second development involved an innovative way to transport water over long distances through the construction of aqueducts. These were carefully designed open channels that carried water from mountain sources to urban areas, providing a steady flow of fresh water even to locations far from rivers. As a result, Roman cities could grow larger and thrive in new locations, thanks to these technological advancements.

7.思维导图

• Ancient Roman cities
  • Expansion
    • Development 1: Special concrete
      • Harden underwater
      • Large structures (bridges)
      • Transportation (wagons, carts)
    • Development 2: Aqueducts
      • Long-distance water transport
      • Open channels
      • Fresh water supply
      • Growth in new locations

8.关键词

1.子项得分

• 交付 (Delivery): 3

• 语言使用 (Language Use): 3

• 话题发展 (Topic Development): 3

2.预估分数

• 总分: 23

3.表达 从交付方面来看，回答中的发音大部分清晰，但在某些地方存在轻微的停顿。建议在练习时注意保持语速的一致性，并尽量减少不必要的停顿。同时，注意提高发音的准确性，以避免拼写错误。

4.话题发展 从话题发展方面来看，回答内容基本上是连贯和有条理的，但在某些地方可以进一步完善。例如，在提到罗马城市使用混凝土建造桥梁时，可以更详细地描述这种技术如何促使城市扩张。此外，在谈到引水渠时，可以更明确地说明这种技术如何使罗马城市能够在远离河流的地方发展壮大。总之，在练习时要注意提供更多具体的例子和详细信息，以便更好地支持论点。

5.语言使用

原文：The lecture is mainly about two developments that allowed ancient Roman cities to expand. The lecture discusses two key developments that enabled the expansion of ancient Roman cities. (用更自然的表达方式描述讲座的主题)
The first advanced technology is concrete, which is an advanced building material. The first advancement is the invention of concrete, a revolutionary building material. (使用更准确的词汇描述混凝土的重要性)
For example, ancient Roman cities used this kind of material to build bridges. For instance, the Romans utilized this material to construct durable bridges. (用更具体的词汇描述罗马人如何使用混凝土)
So as a result, carts and something like that were allowed to pass over a wide river. Consequently, this enabled the transportation of goods and people across wide rivers with ease. (更清晰地解释桥梁对交通的影响)
Therefore, there is a larger possibility to build a larger city. This facilitated the growth of cities on both sides of the river, leading to larger urban areas. (更明确地说明桥梁如何促使城市扩张)
The second advanced technology is aqueducts, which could move fresh clean water. The second advancement is the construction of aqueducts, which efficiently transported fresh water. (用更准确的词汇描述引水渠的功能)
For example, ancient Roman cities invited an open channel to move fresh clean water. For example, the Romans built a series of open channels to convey water from distant sources to their cities. (更详细地描述引水渠的结构和作用)

修订版（140字）：

The lecture discusses two key developments that enabled the expansion of ancient Roman cities. The first advancement is the invention of concrete, a revolutionary building material. For instance, the Romans utilized this material to construct durable bridges. Consequently, this enabled the transportation of goods and people across wide rivers with ease. This facilitated the growth of cities on both sides of the river, leading to larger urban areas. The second advancement is the construction of aqueducts, which efficiently transported fresh water. For example, the Romans built a series of open channels to convey water from distant sources to their cities. These innovations allowed Roman cities to expand beyond natural barriers and access essential resources, resulting in larger and more prosperous urban centers.

6.思维导图

- Lecture
    - Expansion of ancient Roman cities
        - Development 1
            - Invention of concrete
                - Durable bridges
                    - Transportation across wide rivers
                    - Growth on both sides of the river
        - Development 2
            - Construction of aqueducts
                - Efficient water transportation
                - Open channels from distant sources
                - Expansion beyond natural barriers

7.关键词

1.子项得分

• 交付：3

• 语言使用：3

• 话题发展：3

2.预估分数

• 总分：23

3.表达 从交付方面来看，这个回答的表达相对清晰，语速较为稳定，但偶尔有些停顿。为了提高交付质量，建议练习更自然、流畅的发音，并减少不必要的停顿。同时注意正确发音以避免拼写错误。

4.话题发展 从话题发展方面来看，回答内容较为连贯和有组织，观点之间的联系也较为明确。然而，可以考虑更详细地描述罗马城市扩张的原因，例如提供更多关于特殊混凝土和渡槽的具体信息。此外，在回答中加入一些过渡词汇（如“此外”、“因此”等），可以使表达更加流畅。

5.语言使用

原文：One's technologies Roman technology (将“one's technologies”替换为“Roman technology”，使表达更准确) helped ancient Roman cities to expand. The first technology is the advanced building material, which is a kind of special concrete that can be used underwater. So the Roman can use this kind of concrete to build strong bridges across the river so that the Roman cities can grow both sides of the rivers. The second technology is that the Roman can move fresh and clean water. They created a kind of structure called aqueducts that is a series of open channels transforming waters from the mountains to the cities. It provides steady flow of water to the residents. So those residents have no need to live near to the waters so that the city can expand.

修订版（140词）：

Roman technology played a significant role in helping ancient Roman cities expand. The first notable advancement was their use of advanced building materials, specifically a unique type of concrete that could harden underwater. This innovative concrete allowed Romans to construct sturdy bridges across rivers, enabling their cities to grow on both sides and connect previously separated areas. The second crucial development was their ability to transport fresh and clean water over long distances. Romans engineered structures called aqueducts, which were a series of open channels designed to carry water from mountain sources to urban areas. These aqueducts provided a consistent flow of water for residents, eliminating the need for them to live near water sources and allowing cities to expand into new territories.

6.思维导图

Roman Technology
|
|-- Advanced Building Materials
|   |
|   |-- Special Concrete
|       |
|       |-- Underwater Hardening
|       |-- Sturdy Bridges
|       |-- Expansion on Both Sides of Rivers
|
|-- Aqueducts
    |
    |-- Open Channels
    |-- Water Transportation from Mountains to Cities
    |-- Consistent Flow of Water for Residents
    |-- Expansion into New Territories

7.关键词

1.子项得分

• 交付 (Delivery): 3

• 语言使用 (Language Use): 3

• 话题发展 (Topic Development): 3

2.预估分数

• 总分: 23

3.表达 从交付方面来看，发言者的语音清晰，语速基本稳定，偶尔有停顿。但在某些地方，停顿的使用不太恰当，导致了标点符号的问题。此外，发言者在发音方面也存在一些不准确之处，导致了拼写错误。建议发言者多加练习，提高口语表达能力和发音准确性。

4.话题发展 从话题发展方面来看，发言者的回答内容基本上是连贯和有组织的，观点之间的联系也比较清晰，并且提供了足够的支持和例子。但在某些地方，表述可以更加精炼和清晰。建议发言者在练习时注意提高回答的条理性和逻辑性，并尝试使用更丰富的词汇和表达方式来支持观点。

5.语言使用

原文：In the lecture, the professor explains two developments that allow ancient Roman cities to expand, which is a more advanced technology. In the lecture, the professor explains two developments that allowed ancient Roman cities to expand due to more advanced technology. (修改了时态和表述，使句子更自然) The first thing is the advanced building material, the concrete, which will be solid even under the water. The first development is the advanced building material, concrete, which remains solid even underwater. (修改了表述，使句子更清晰) Thus, the Roman people used it best for the cast buildings and bridges. As a result, Romans utilized it effectively for constructing buildings and bridges. (改进了表达方式，使句子更自然) It allowed them to construct their buildings both sides of the banks of the rivers, thus further to contribute to its expansion. This enabled them to build structures on both sides of riverbanks, contributing to city expansion. (简化了表述，使句子更流畅) The second thing is the improved freshwater construction, the adequate. The second development is the improved freshwater infrastructure, aqueducts. (修正了单词和表述，使句子更准确) So it is a strange construction, which connects the water from the mountains to the city. These were ingenious structures that connected water sources in the mountains to the city. (改进了表达方式，使句子更自然) Even though it is far from rivers, people can still get fresh waters without the need to settle nearby the river. Even when far from rivers, people could still access fresh water without having to settle near a river. (修改了表述，使句子更清晰)

修订版（140字）：

In the lecture, the professor explains two developments that allowed ancient Roman cities to expand due to more advanced technology. The first development is the advanced building material, concrete, which remains solid even underwater. As a result, Romans utilized it effectively for constructing buildings and bridges. This enabled them to build structures on both sides of riverbanks, contributing to city expansion. The second development is the improved freshwater infrastructure, aqueducts. These were ingenious structures that connected water sources in the mountains to the city. Even when far from rivers, people could still access fresh water without having to settle near a river.

6.思维导图

• Ancient Roman Cities
  • Expansion
    • Advanced technology
      • Concrete
        • Solid underwater
        • Buildings and bridges
        • City expansion
      • Aqueducts
        • Freshwater infrastructure
        • Connect mountain water sources to cities
        • Access to fresh water without settling near rivers

7.关键词