TOEFL TPO 24 Writing Task 1 Sample: Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on specific points made in the reading passage.

1.Sub Scores

• Task fulfillment: 4

• Organization: 3

• Coherence and Cohesion: 4

• Language Use: 3

2.Estimated Scores

• Estimated Score: 22 (3.5 average)

3.Task completeness The essay does a good job of summarizing the points made in the lecture and explaining how they cast doubt on specific points made in the reading passage. However, there is room for improvement in terms of clarity and language use. The essay could benefit from clearer explanations and more precise vocabulary.

Suggestions for improvement:

• Use clearer explanations to better convey the main points from the lecture.

• Improve vocabulary by using more precise words to describe the findings and arguments.

Examples:

1. Instead of "In the audio, the professor said that when an organism died, bacteria can colonize the insides of bones," consider writing "In the lecture, the professor explained that after an organism's death, bacteria may colonize bone cavities."

2. Instead of "A70 million-year-old collagen certainly is just too improbable," consider writing "The presence of collagen in a 70-million-year-old fossil is highly unlikely."

4.Essay structure and organization The essay has a clear structure with an introduction, body, and conclusion. However, it could benefit from better organization within paragraphs and clearer transitions between ideas.

Suggestions for improvement:

• Organize each paragraph to focus on one specific point with supporting details.

• Use clear transitions between ideas and paragraphs to improve coherence.

Examples:

1. In your first body paragraph, start with a topic sentence that clearly states what point you will be discussing: "Firstly, the professor casts doubt on the claim that soft structures found inside T-Rex bones are remains of blood vessels."

2. Use clear transitions between ideas within paragraphs: "While the reading passage argues that these spheres are likely red blood cells due to their iron content and size, the lecture provides a counterargument by stating that similar spheres were found in fossils of animals that did not have red blood cells when they were alive."

5. Grammar

In the reading, it has talked about how scientists used to dinosaur fossils. In the audio, the professor rebuts the three points given by the reading passage. First, the broken leg of a T-Rex can show many small branching channels inside, which the passage said that these soft structures were are the remains of the original blood veins. In the audio, the professor said that when an organism died, bacteria can colonize the insides of bones, and since bacteria can leave behind organic material, this may be what the scientists believed as “blood vessels”. to be "blood vessels". Second, microscopic examination of the bones revealed there are spheres in the veins, which are probably red blood cells. This is because that there arethey have red centers and contain a lot of iron in it.them. In the audio, the professor said that in the same place ofat that site, a lot of animals have been found ofwith this red sphere. So, he predicted that it maybe wasmay be just a reddish mineral. Third, scientists performed a test that showed it contained collagen. This protein suggests that there is still bone tissue inside the bone, since this fibrous protein is a main component of bone marrow. But the professor rebuts that collagen can't last more than 100,000 years. A70A 70 million-year-old collagen certainly is just too improbable. A more reliable explanation is that it is from the human skin(Whichskin (which contains collagen) of the excavating archeologists.archaeologists.

Section Title: 6. Revised Essay

The reading passage discusses the possibility of finding actual dinosaur tissue in a 70-million-year-old Tyrannosaurus rex fossil, while the lecture casts doubt on this idea by providing counterarguments for each point made in the reading.

Firstly, the reading claims that the broken leg of a T-Rex revealed small branching channels inside, which might be the remains of blood vessels. However, the lecture argues that these soft structures could be traces of organic material left by bacteria colonies that colonized the insides of bones after an organism's death. Thus, it is more likely that these are not blood vessels but rather remnants from bacterial activity.

Secondly, the reading suggests that microscopic examination of the bones showed spheres containing iron and having red centers, which could be red blood cells. The lecture counters this by stating that similar reddish spheres were found in fossils of other animals at the same site, including those without red blood cells when alive. This indicates that these spheres are not remains of red blood cells but rather pieces of reddish mineral.

Lastly, while the reading states that scientists found collagen in the dinosaur leg bone – a fibrous protein and main component of living bone tissue – implying preserved bone marrow, the lecture refutes this claim by asserting that collagen cannot last more than 100,000 years. Finding collagen in a 70-million-year-old fossil would contradict current understanding about its longevity. The professor suggests a more plausible explanation is contamination from human skin (which contains collagen) during handling by researchers.

In summary, while the reading presents evidence supporting preserved dinosaur tissue in T-Rex fossils, each point is effectively countered by alternative explanations provided in the lecture. (283 words)

In the reading, it has talked Section Title: 7. Essay Grading

The reading passage talks about how scientists used to the potential discovery of actual dinosaur fossils. In the audio, the professor rebuts the three points given by the reading passage. ¶ First, tissue in a 70-million-year-old Tyrannosaurus rex fossil, while the lecture casts doubt on this idea by providing counterarguments for each point made in the reading.

Firstly, the reading claims that the broken leg of a T-Rex can show many revealed small branching channels inside, which the passage said might be the remains of blood vessels. However, the lecture argues that these soft structures were could be traces of organic material left by bacteria colonies that colonized the insides of bones after an organism's death (explaining why they might resemble blood vessels). Thus, it is more likely that these are the remains of the original blood veins. In the audio, the professor said that when an organism died, bacteria can colonize the insides of bones, and since bacteria can leave behind organic material, this may be what the scientists believed as “blood vessels”. ¶ Second, not blood vessels but rather remnants from bacterial activity.

Secondly, the reading suggests that microscopic examination of the bones revealed there showed spheres containing iron and having red centers, which could be red blood cells. The lecture counters this by stating that similar reddish spheres were found in fossils of other animals at the same site (indicating a common occurrence), including those without red blood cells when alive. This implies that these spheres are spheres in the veins, which are probably not remains of red blood cells. This is because that there are red centers and contain a lot of iron in it. In the audio, the professor said that in the same place of that site, a lot of animals have been found of this red sphere. So, he predicted that it maybe was just a cells but rather pieces of reddish mineral.

Third, Lastly, while the reading states that scientists performed a test that showed it contained collagen. This found collagen in the dinosaur leg bone – a fibrous protein suggests that there is still and main component of living bone tissue inside the bone, since – implying preserved bone marrow, the lecture refutes this fibrous protein is a main component of bone marrow. But the professor rebuts claim by asserting that collagen can’t cannot last more than 100,000 years. A70 million-year-old collagen certainly is just too improbable. A years (making it highly unlikely to be present in a 70-million-year-old fossil). The professor suggests a more reliable plausible explanation is that it is contamination from the human skinskin (Which which contains collagen) of the excavating archeologists.during handling by researchers.

In summary, while the reading presents evidence supporting preserved dinosaur tissue in T-Rex fossils, each point is effectively countered by alternative explanations provided in the lecture.

8. Mind Map

1. Dinosaur Tissue
   1.1. Blood Vessels
       1.1.1. Reading: Small branching channels
       1.1.2. Lecture: Bacterial remnants
   2. Red Blood Cells
       2.1. Reading: Spheres with iron and red centers
       2.2. Lecture: Reddish mineral pieces
   3. Collagen
       3.1 Reading: Found in dinosaur leg bone
       3.2 Lecture: Contamination from human skin

9.Key Words