TOEFL TPO 62 Writing Task 1 Sample: Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge the specific points made in the reading passage.

1.Sub Scores

• Task fulfillment: 4

• Organization: 4

• Coherence and Cohesion: 4

• Language Use: 4

2.Estimated Scores

• Estimated Score: 25

3.Task completeness The essay effectively summarizes the points made in the lecture and explains how they challenge the specific points made in the reading passage. However, there is room for improvement in terms of clarity and elaboration on some points. For example, it would be helpful to explain why attracting fish from other areas could be problematic, as well as providing more details about the safety issues caused by secret artificial reefs.

Suggestions for improvement:

• Explain why attracting fish from other areas could be problematic.

• Provide more details about the safety issues caused by secret artificial reefs.

Examples:

1. "Since fish are naturally drawn to coral reefs, the artificial reefs may just attract fish from other places instead, which could lead to an imbalance in marine ecosystems and disrupt natural habitats."

2. "Fishers' nets can be caught on the reefs and damage them, leading to potential harm to marine life. In shallow waters, boats could crash into reefs, resulting in not only damage to vessels but also potential injury or loss of life for those on board."

4.Essay structure and organization The essay has a clear structure with an introduction, body paragraphs addressing each point from the lecture, and a conclusion. The organization is logical with each paragraph focusing on a specific point and supporting details. However, there is room for improvement in terms of transitions between ideas and paragraphs.

Suggestions for improvement:

• Use clear transitions between ideas within paragraphs.

• Improve transitions between paragraphs to enhance coherence.

Examples:

1. "Firstly, reports of increased catches within areas with artificial reefs do not necessarily mean that overall populations of fish have grown larger. This is because fish are naturally drawn to coral reefs; thus, artificial reefs may simply attract fish from other places. In addition, this phenomenon could have negative consequences for the overall fish population."

2. "Lastly, despite the potential benefits of recycling materials through artificial reefs, they may cause significant environmental damage. For example, the Osborne Reef, made from used car tires, was taken apart by a storm and caused harm to marine plants and animals when it crashed into the ocean floor. This demonstrates that even with good intentions, artificial reefs can have unintended negative consequences for marine ecosystems."

5. Grammar

The passage claims that artificial reefs can benefit both the environment and some fishers through certain appraochesapproaches(misspelling). However, the lecture argues that the problems of artificial reefs outweigh the advantages.

Firstly, reports of increased catches within areas with artificial reefs does not neccessarilynecessarily(misspelling) mean the population of some kind of fish increased. Since fish isare(Detects potentially wrong usage of "is") naturally drawn to coral reefs, the artificial reefs may just attract fish from other places instead, which could also result in higher catches in these certain areas. While actually, the population remains the same. In addition, artificial reefs could cause a decrease in the population of fish instead of replenishing it. As artificial reefs drawsdraw(Possible agreement error: plural noun + singular verb) large amount of fish to one place, it is easier for fisherman to catch these fish. Subsequently, the number of fish will drop.

Secondly, creating private artificial reefs in locations unkownunknown(misspelling) to the public may induce serious safety problems. Fishers' nets, for example, can be caught on the reefs and damage the reefs. Moreover, boats could crash into reefs in shallow waters, resulting in some degree of casualties. Therefore, the only way to avoid these problems is to publicize the locations of these artificial reefs. But then, small-scale fishers will not gain any profit from these reefs. Thus, this proposal is impracticable and unlikely to benefit anyone.

Lastly, artificial reefs may cause damage to the environment rather than protecting it. For instance, artificial reefsreefs,(This rule identifies whether commas are missing in a sentence.) called Osborne reefs, were taken apart by a storm. Those reefs were made from used car tires. When they crashed into the ocean floor, marine plants and animals were harmed. As a result, the ecosystem there was devastated.

6. Revised Essay

The passage claims that artificial reefs can benefit both the environment and some fishers through certain approaches. However, the lecture argues that the problems of artificial reefs outweigh the advantages.

Firstly, reports of increased catches within areas with artificial reefs do not necessarily mean the population of some kind of fish increased. Since fish are naturally drawn to coral reefs, the artificial reefs may just attract fish from other places instead, which could also result in higher catches in these certain areas. While actually, the population remains the same. In addition, artificial reefs could cause a decrease in the population of fish instead of replenishing it. As artificial reefs draw a large amount of fish to one place, it is easier for fishermen to catch these fish. Subsequently, the number of fish will drop.

Secondly, creating private artificial reefs in locations unknown to the public may induce serious safety problems. Fishers' nets, for example, can be caught on the reefs and damage them. Moreover, boats could crash into reefs in shallow waters, resulting in some degree of casualties. Therefore, the only way to avoid these problems is to publicize the locations of these artificial reefs. But then, small-scale fishers will not gain any profit from these reefs. Thus, this proposal is impracticable and unlikely to benefit anyone.

Lastly, artificial reefs may cause damage to the environment rather than protecting it. For instance, artificial reefs called Osborne Reefs were taken apart by a storm. Those reefs were made from used car tires. When they crashed into the ocean floor, marine plants and animals were harmed. As a result, the ecosystem there was devastated. (275 words)

The passage claims that artificial reefs can benefit both the environment and some fishers through certain appraoches. approaches (changed "appraoches" to "approaches" for correct spelling). However, the lecture argues that the problems of artificial reefs outweigh the advantages.

Firstly, reports of increased catches within areas with artificial reefs does do not neccessarily necessarily (changed "neccessarily" to "necessarily" for correct spelling) mean the population of some kind of fish increased. Since fish is are (changed "is" to "are" for subject-verb agreement) naturally drawn to coral reefs, the artificial reefs may just attract fish from other places instead, which could also result in higher catches in these certain areas. While actually, the population remains the same. In addition, artificial reefs could cause a decrease in the population of fish instead of replenishing it. As artificial reefs draws draw (changed "draws" to "draw" for subject-verb agreement) a large amount of fish to one place, it is easier for fisherman fishermen (changed "fisherman" to "fishermen" for plural form) to catch these fish. Subsequently, the number of fish will drop.

Secondly, creating private artificial reefs in locations unkown unknown (changed "unkown" to "unknown" for correct spelling) to the public may induce serious safety problems. Fishers' nets, for example, can be caught on the reefs and damage the reefs. them (added "them" for clarity). Moreover, boats could crash into reefs in shallow waters, resulting in some degree of casualties. Therefore, the only way to avoid these problems is to publicize the locations of these artificial reefs. But then, small-scale fishers will not gain any profit from these reefs. Thus, this proposal is impracticable and unlikely to benefit anyone.

Lastly, artificial reefs may cause damage to the environment rather than protecting it. For instance, artificial reefs called Osborne reefs, Reefs (capitalized "Reefs" for consistency) were taken apart by a storm. Those reefs were made from used car tires. When they crashed into the ocean floor, marine plants and animals were harmed. As a result, the ecosystem there was devastated.

8. Mind Map

- Introduction
  - Artificial reefs: benefits vs. problems

- Point 1: Fish population
  - Increased catches not equal to increased population
  - Artificial reefs may decrease fish population

- Point 2: Safety and private artificial reefs
  - Nets and boats can cause damage
  - Publicizing locations negates benefits for small-scale fishers

- Point 3: Environmental damage
  - Example: Osborne Reefs disaster
  - Harm to marine plants and animals, ecosystem devastation

- Conclusion

9. Key Words

6. Revised Essay

The passage claims that artificial reefs can benefit both the environment and some fishers through certain approaches. However, the lecture argues that the problems of artificial reefs outweigh the advantages.

Firstly, reports of increased catches within areas with artificial reefs do not necessarily mean the population of some kind of fish increased. Since fish are naturally drawn to coral reefs, the artificial reefs may just attract fish from other places instead, which could also result in higher catches in these certain areas. While actually, the population remains the same. In addition, artificial reefs could cause a decrease in the population of fish instead of replenishing it. As artificial reefs draw a large amount of fish to one place, it is easier for fishermen to catch these fish. Subsequently, the number of fish will drop.

Secondly, creating private artificial reefs in locations unknown to the public may induce serious safety problems. Fishers' nets, for example, can be caught on the reefs and damage them. Moreover, boats could crash into reefs in shallow waters, resulting in some degree of casualties. Therefore, the only way to avoid these problems is to publicize the locations of these artificial reefs. But then, small-scale fishers will not gain any profit from these reefs. Thus, this proposal is impracticable and unlikely to benefit anyone.

Lastly, artificial reefs may cause damage to the environment rather than protecting it. For instance, artificial reefs called Osborne Reefs were taken apart by a storm. Those reefs were made from used car tires. When they crashed into the ocean floor, marine plants and animals were harmed. As a result, the ecosystem there was devastated.

1.子项得分 任务完成度：2 组织：3 连贯与衔接：3 语言使用：3

2.预估分数

17. 3.任务完成度

在这篇文章中，你没有正确回答题目要求的问题。文章内容与阅读和听力材料的主题不符。为了提高任务完成度，请确保你仔细阅读和理解题目要求，并根据阅读和听力材料来撰写文章。

示例1（错误）： The reading and the lecture are both about a famous figure in Roman history - Spartacus.

示例1（正确）： The reading passage and the lecture discuss the benefits and drawbacks of artificial reefs.

示例2（错误）： Firstly, according to the reading, Spartacus's motivation of fighting against Roman was returning home which was far away from Roman.

示例2（正确）： Firstly, the reading passage claims that artificial reefs can increase fish populations, while the lecturer argues that these reefs may only attract fish from other areas without increasing their overall numbers.

4.文章结构与组织 虽然你的文章具有一定的结构，但需要改进以使其更清晰。请确保每段都集中讨论一个特定的观点，并提供支持细节。同时，在段落之间使用明确的过渡词或短语。

建议1（简体中文）： 在引言部分，简要介绍阅读和听力材料的主题，并指出它们之间存在的争议。

示例1（错误）： The reading and the lecture are both about a famous figure in Roman history - Spartacus.

示例1（正确）： The reading passage and the lecture discuss the benefits and drawbacks of artificial reefs, with the lecture challenging the points made in the reading.

建议2（简体中文）： 在正文段落中，确保每段都集中讨论一个特定的观点，并提供支持细节。同时，在段落之间使用明确的过渡词或短语。

示例2（错误）： Firstly, according to the reading, Spartacus's motivation of fighting against Roman was returning home which was far away from Roman.

示例2（正确）： Firstly, the reading passage claims that artificial reefs can increase fish populations. However, the lecturer argues that these reefs may only attract fish from other areas without increasing their overall numbers.

5. 语法批改

The reading and the lecture are both about a famous figure in Roman history - Spartacus. While the reading passage suggests that Spartacus is an admirable and appealing hero by three points, the lecturer challenges each of these points by suggesting that these stories and points are historically inaccurate.

Firstly, according to the reading, Spartacus's motivation of fighting against Roman was returning home which was far away from Roman. Nevertheless, the lecturer challenges this argument by pointing out that returning home was not the only goal of Spartacus's fighting. After Spartacus won in the first fight, they could escape from the Roman territory since they had already concurred a route to oversea. Instead of returning home, Spartacus and his army continued concurring towards the Roman city for some valuable treasures. Thus, they fought for wealth instead of going home, which is not admirable.

Secondly, the author suggests that Spartacus was a military geniusgenius,(This rule identifies whether commas are missing in a sentence.) as they overmatched a lot of triumphs. However, the lecturer refutes this idea by stating that Spartacus is not a genius, and his victories were attributed to that Roman did not take Spartacus's army seriously. At first, Roman only sent a poorly-trained army unit to defend SpartacusSpartacus,(This rule identifies whether commas are missing in a sentence.) which was the weakest unit in Roman's army. If Roman put down their best army, Spartacus would be immediately defeated. Thus, Spartacus was not a military genius.

Finally, the author puts forth the idea that Spartacus intended to liberate Roman slaves. In contrast, the lecturer counters this notion by asserting that this is not historically true. In 18th century, European people were dedicated into(This rule identifies wrong preposition usage.) liberating people, but some thinkers and writers opposed this argument. In[No Replacement Word Found](Successive sentences beginning with the same word) order to find aan(Use of 'a' vs. 'an') inspiration hero in ancient times, some playwrights wrote a play and wrote about Spartacus's liberating Roman slaves. However, this is not true historically.

Section Title: 6.文章修订

The reading and the lecture both discuss the concept of artificial reefs and their potential benefits and drawbacks. The reading passage highlights three advantages of artificial reefs, while the lecture challenges each of these points by presenting counterarguments.

Firstly, the reading passage states that artificial reefs can increase fish populations by providing suitable habitats for marine life. However, the lecturer disputes this claim, arguing that higher catch numbers near artificial reefs do not necessarily indicate an overall growth in fish populations. Instead, she suggests that these reefs merely attract fish from other areas, concentrating them in one location. This could potentially lead to a decrease in fish populations as it makes it easier for fishers to catch large numbers of fish, preventing them from maintaining their populations.

Secondly, the author claims that artificial reefs can improve the economic competitiveness of small-scale fishers by allowing them to create private fishing areas known only to themselves. The lecturer challenges this point by stating that keeping reef locations secret can cause safety problems. For example, large fishing nets may get caught on hidden reefs or boats might crash into them in shallow waters. She asserts that making reef locations public is necessary for safety reasons; however, this would negate any competitive advantage for small-scale fishers.

Lastly, the reading passage suggests that artificial reefs are an environmentally friendly way to recycle materials such as old cars and industrial waste. The lecturer counters this argument by citing the example of Osborne Reef—an artificial reef made from used car tires—which caused significant environmental damage when parts of it came loose during a storm and crashed into the surrounding seafloor. This incident harmed many marine plants and animals living on the seafloor, demonstrating that even when harmful chemicals are removed from materials used in artificial reefs, they can still pose environmental risks.

In conclusion, while the reading passage presents several potential benefits of artificial reefs, the lecture challenges each point with counterarguments suggesting that these structures may not be as advantageous as initially believed. (340 words)

Revised essay: Section Title: 7.文章批改

The reading and the lecture are both about revolve around a famous figure in Roman history - Spartacus. While the reading passage suggests that Spartacus is portrays Spartacus as an admirable and appealing hero by through three points, the lecturer challenges each of these points by suggesting that these stories and points are historically inaccurate.

Firstly, according to the reading, Spartacus's motivation of for fighting against Roman was returning home Rome was to return home, which was far away from Roman. Roman territory. Nevertheless, the lecturer challenges this argument by pointing out that returning home was not the only goal of Spartacus's fighting. After Spartacus won in the his first fight, they battle, he and his followers could escape have escaped from the Roman territory since they had already concurred secured a route to oversea. overseas. Instead of returning home, however, Spartacus and his army continued concurring conquering towards the a Roman city for some valuable treasures. Thus, they fought for wealth instead of going home, which is not necessarily admirable.

Secondly, the author suggests that Spartacus was a military genius as they overmatched a lot of triumphs. he achieved numerous victories. However, the lecturer refutes this idea by stating that Spartacus is not a genius, and was not a genius; rather, his victories were attributed to that Roman did not take Spartacus's Rome not taking his army seriously. At first, Roman Rome only sent a poorly-trained army unit to defend Spartacus which was confront Spartacus – this unit was considered the weakest unit in Roman's army. Rome's forces. If Roman put down Rome had deployed their best army, army against him, it is likely that Spartacus would be have been immediately defeated. Thus, Spartacus was not he may not have been a military genius. genius after all.

Finally, the author puts forth the idea that Spartacus intended to liberate Roman slaves. In contrast, the lecturer counters this notion by asserting that this is not historically true. accurate. In the 18th century, European people were dedicated in to liberating people, but others; however, some thinkers and writers opposed this argument. In order to find a inspiration an inspirational hero in from ancient times, times who supported their cause, some playwrights wrote a play and wrote plays about Spartacus's Spartacus liberating Roman slaves. However, this is not true historically.portrayal of Spartacus may not be historically accurate.

8. Mind Map

Artificial Reefs
|
|-- Advantages (Reading Passage)
|   |-- Increased fish populations
|   |-- Economic competitiveness for small-scale fishers
|   |-- Environmentally friendly recycling of materials
|
|-- Counterarguments (Lecture)
    |-- Fish population concentration, not growth
    |-- Safety issues with secret reef locations
    |-- Environmental risks with recycled materials

9. Keywords

1.子项得分 任务完成度: 4 组织: 4 连贯与衔接: 4 语言使用: 3

2.预估分数

25. 3.任务完成度

你的文章在任务完成度方面表现得相当不错，成功地总结了听力材料中的观点，并对阅读材料中的论点进行了挑战。然而，有一些建议可以帮助你进一步提高这方面的表现：

• 在解释听力观点时，尽量使用更具体和详细的例子来支持论据。

• 注意避免重复表述相同的观点。

示例1： 原文：Thus, they cannot maintain the population because the fisherman are able to catch too much fish. 改进：Thus, they cannot maintain the population because the fisherman can catch a large number of fish at once, leading to overfishing and depletion of fish stocks.

示例2： 原文：Then they will pollute the sea floor and harm the animals living there. 改进：Then, these separated pieces will pollute the sea floor and harm marine life, such as destroying seagrass beds and coral reefs that provide essential habitats for various species.

4.文章结构与组织 你的文章结构和组织方面做得很好，包括引言、正文和结论。每段都集中讨论了一个特定的观点，并提供了支持细节。然而，在以下几个方面仍有改进空间：

• 在引言部分简要介绍阅读和听力材料的主题，以便为读者提供背景信息。

• 使用更明确的过渡词和短语来连接不同的观点和段落。

示例1： 原文：The reading material talks about three advantages of artificial reefs to fishermen. 改进：The reading passage discusses the benefits of artificial reefs for fishermen, while the lecture presents a contrasting view, arguing that these reefs may cause more harm than good.

示例2： 原文：Moreover, the author states that small-scale fishers can gain more profits by creating private artificial reefs which they know the location only because in this case, they can avoid competitions with big companies. 改进：Furthermore, the author states that small-scale fishers can gain more profits by creating private artificial reefs known only to them, as this would help them avoid competition with large companies. However, the professor contends...

5. 语法批改

The reading material talks about three advantages of artificial reefs to fishermen. However, the professor presents a contradictory view that the problems of artificial reefs far exceed their merits, with reasons below accounting for it. First of allFirst(first of all (first)), the passage suggested that artificial reefs provides fish with more place to reproduce and stay together so, so(comma between independent clauses) their populations will increase. By contrast, the speaker argues that artificial reefs will attract fish which are far away from this location gatherto gather(This rule identifies whether the preposition 'to' is missing in a sentence.) together in a single place. Thus, they cannot maintain the population because the fisherman are able to catch too much fish, Moreover, the author states that small-scale fishers can gain more profits by creating private artificial reefs which they know the location only because in this case, they can avoid competitions with big companies. However, the professor contends that there will be safety problems if the locations of artificial reefs are not known to everyone because the artificial reefs will damage other fishers' tools and make them dangerous. Therefore, fishers should make the locations known to everyone and there will no longer be any profits. Finally, the reading material claims that useless materials can be reusereused(can be access (accessed)) for making artificial reefsreefs,(This rule identifies whether commas are missing in a sentence.) which is a good way to recycle. On the contrary, the lecture points out that although the harmful chemicals have been removed, theretheir(Detects potentially wrong usage of "there") materials will still damage the environment. For example, artificial reefs made from old cars will separate into pieces after placing them in the ocean. Then they will pollute the sea floor and harm the animals living there.

6.文章修订

The reading passage highlights three advantages of artificial reefs for fishermen, while the lecture presents a contrasting view, arguing that these reefs may cause more harm than good. The professor's points challenge the claims made in the reading passage, and this essay will discuss these contradictions.

Firstly, the reading passage suggests that artificial reefs provide fish with more habitats to reproduce and congregate, thereby increasing their populations. However, the lecturer contends that artificial reefs merely attract fish from distant locations to gather in a single area. Consequently, fishermen can catch a large number of fish at once, leading to overfishing and depletion of fish stocks. This concentration of fish in one location may not result in an overall increase in their population but rather facilitate their decline.

Furthermore, the author states that small-scale fishers can gain more profits by creating private artificial reefs known only to them, as this would help them avoid competition with large companies. Contrarily, the professor argues that keeping the locations of artificial reefs secret can cause safety issues. For instance, other fishermen using large nets might inadvertently damage these hidden reefs or even collide with them in shallow waters. To ensure safety and prevent such incidents, it is necessary to make reef locations public knowledge; however, doing so eliminates any competitive advantage for small-scale fishers.

Lastly, the reading material posits that repurposing discarded materials like old cars for constructing artificial reefs is an environmentally friendly recycling method. Nevertheless, the lecture asserts that even after removing harmful chemicals from these materials, they can still cause environmental damage. For example, parts of artificial reefs made from old cars may disintegrate after being placed in the ocean. These separated pieces will pollute the sea floor and harm marine life by destroying essential habitats such as seagrass beds and coral reefs that support various species.

In summary, while the reading passage presents potential benefits of artificial reefs for fishermen and marine ecosystems alike, the lecture challenges these claims by highlighting the potential negative consequences of such structures. The lecturer's arguments emphasize the importance of considering the broader implications of artificial reefs on fish populations, safety concerns, and environmental impacts before implementing them as a solution. (367 words)

The reading material talks about 7.文章批改

The reading passage highlights three advantages of artificial reefs to fishermen. However, the professor for fishermen, while the lecture presents a contradictory view that the problems of artificial reefs far exceed their merits, with reasons below accounting for it. contrasting view, arguing that these reefs may cause more harm than good. (This sentence was revised to provide a clear introduction to the topic and the opposing views presented in the reading and listening materials.) The professor's points challenge the claims made in the reading passage, and this essay will discuss these contradictions.

First of all, the Firstly, the reading passage suggested that artificial reefs provides suggests that artificial reefs provide fish with more place habitats to reproduce and stay together so congregate, thereby increasing their populations will increase. By contrast, the speaker argues that artificial reefs will populations. However, the lecturer contends that artificial reefs merely attract fish which are far away from distant locations to gather in a single area. (The word "merely" was added to emphasize that this is the only effect of artificial reefs on fish populations.) Consequently, fishermen can catch a large number of fish at once, leading to overfishing and depletion of fish stocks. (This sentence was revised for clarity and specificity.) This concentration of fish in one location gather together in a single place. Thus, they cannot maintain the may not result in an overall increase in their population because the fisherman are able to catch too much fish, but rather facilitate their decline.

Moreover, Furthermore, the author states that small-scale fishers can gain more profits by creating private artificial reefs which they know the location known only because in to them, as this case, would help them avoid competition with large companies. Contrarily, (The word "contrarily" was added as a transition word to show contrast between the two viewpoints.) the professor argues that keeping the locations of artificial reefs secret can cause safety issues. For instance, other fishermen using large nets might inadvertently damage these hidden reefs or even collide with them in shallow waters. To ensure safety and prevent such incidents, it is necessary to make reef locations public knowledge; however, doing so eliminates any competitive advantage for small-scale fishers.

Lastly, the reading material posits that repurposing discarded materials like old cars for constructing artificial reefs is an environmentally friendly recycling method. Nevertheless (The word "nevertheless" was added as a transition word to show contrast between the two viewpoints.), the lecture asserts that even after removing harmful chemicals from these materials, they can avoid competitions with big companies. However, the professor contends that there will be safety problems if the locations of artificial reefs are not known to everyone because the artificial reefs will damage other fishers' tools and make them dangerous. Therefore, fishers should make the locations known to everyone and there will no longer be any profits. ¶ Finally, the reading material claims that useless materials can be reuse for making artificial reefs which is a good way to recycle. On the contrary, the lecture points out that although the harmful chemicals have been removed, there materials will still damage the environment. cause environmental damage. For example, parts of artificial reefs made from old cars will separate into may disintegrate after being placed in the ocean. These separated pieces after placing them in the ocean. Then they will pollute the sea floor and harm the animals living there.marine life by destroying essential habitats such as seagrass beds and coral reefs that support various species. (This sentence was revised for clarity and specificity.)

In summary, while the reading passage presents potential benefits of artificial reefs for fishermen and marine ecosystems alike, the lecture challenges these claims by highlighting the potential negative consequences of such structures. (This sentence was revised to provide a clear summary of the opposing views.) The lecturer's arguments emphasize the importance of considering the broader implications of artificial reefs on fish populations, safety concerns, and environmental impacts before implementing them as a solution.

8.思维导图

• Introduction

  • Reading passage: advantages of artificial reefs
  • Lecture: contrasting view, more harm than good

• Point 1: Fish populations

  • Reading: increase in fish populations
  • Lecture: attract fish from distant locations, overfishing, depletion of stocks

• Point 2: Small-scale fishers' profits

  • Reading: private artificial reefs, avoid competition with large companies
  • Lecture: safety issues, public knowledge of reef locations, no competitive advantage

• Point 3: Environmental impact and recycling

  • Reading: repurposing discarded materials, environmentally friendly recycling method
  • Lecture: environmental damage despite removing harmful chemicals, pollution and habitat destruction

9.关键词