TOEFL TPO 25 Speaking Task 4 Sample: Using points and examples from the lecture, explain two ways weathering occurs.

1.子项得分

• Delivery: 2

• Language Use: 2

• Topic Development: 3

2.预估分数

• Estimated Score: 17 (mapped to 0-30 scale)

3.表达 从表达方面来看，发言者的语速较快，有时会出现不必要的停顿。建议发言者在练习口语时，注意控制语速，保持稳定的节奏，并尽量减少不必要的停顿。此外，发言者在发音方面也需要加强练习，以提高准确度。

4.话题发展 The speaker provided a coherent and well-organized response, explaining two ways weathering occurs: ice formation and tree growth. However, the examples could be more detailed and connected to the lecture content. To improve topic development, the speaker should focus on providing specific examples from the lecture, such as mentioning how water freezing inside rocks causes them to break apart or how plant roots grow into rocks and cause them to fracture. Additionally, using more transitional phrases to connect ideas can help create a smoother flow in the response.

6.语言使用

Original Answer: The two-phase weathering occurrence refers to the ice formation and tree growings. The first weathering refers to the process that when there are small cracks in the rock and in the daylight there are some water get into the rocks and in the evening the ice formation will wipen the cracks in the rocks and over time to repeat this process with causing a part of the rocks eventually. The second process refers to the trees growing. For instance, if I say get into the small crack of rock and then the root will struggle into the inside of the rock and over time the growing roots will make the cracks eventually

Corrected Answer: The two types of weathering discussed are ice formation and plant growth. The first type of weathering occurs when small cracks in rocks fill with water during daylight, which then freezes at night, causing ice formation that widens these cracks over time. The second type of weathering involves plant growth, such as when a seed lands in a small crack in a rock, and its roots expand within the rock, causing it to fracture over time. (将"two-phase"改为"two types"，将"tree growings"改为"plant growth"，将"wipen"改为"widen"，将"I say get"改为"a seed lands"，将"struggle into"改为"expand within")

解释：将“two-phase”改为“two types”，因为这里讲的是两种不同类型的风化过程。将“tree growings”改为“plant growth”，以保持一致性并更准确地描述植物生长对风化的影响。将“wipen”改为“widen”，因为这里讲的是冰的形成使岩石裂缝变宽。将“I say get”改为“a seed lands”，以更自然地描述种子落入岩石裂缝的过程。将“struggle into”改为“expand within”，以更准确地描述植物根在岩石内部生长和扩张的过程。

Revised Answer (140 words): The lecture discusses two types of weathering processes: ice formation and plant growth. The first type of weathering occurs when small cracks in rocks fill with water during the day. At night, the temperature drops, causing the water to freeze and expand within the cracks. This repeated process of ice formation and expansion eventually leads to the rocks breaking apart. The second type of weathering involves plant growth. For example, when a seed lands in a small crack in a rock, it takes root and its roots grow deeper into the rock. As the roots expand within the rock, they widen and enlarge the cracks, causing the rock to fracture over time. Both ice formation and plant growth contribute to the weathering process by breaking down rocks through natural environmental factors.

7.思维导图

Weathering Processes
├─ Ice Formation
│   ├─ Small cracks in rocks
│   ├─ Water fills cracks during the day
│   ├─ Water freezes and expands at night
│   └─ Repeated process leads to rock breaking apart
└─ Plant Growth
    ├─ Seed lands in rock crack
    ├─ Roots grow deeper into the rock
    ├─ Roots expand within the rock, widening cracks
    └─ Rock fractures over time due to root growth

8.关键词

1.子项得分

• Delivery: 3

• Language Use: 3

• Topic Development: 3

2.预估分数

• 23

3.表达 从表达方面来看，发言者的语言流利度和语速基本一致，偶尔有停顿。为了提高口语表达能力，建议发言者注意以下几点：1) 在句子之间适当地使用停顿，以便让听众更好地理解内容；2) 注意发音的准确性，避免因发音不准确而导致的拼写错误；3) 多练习，提高自信心和口语表达能力。

4.话题发展 The speaker provided a coherent and well-organized response, explaining two ways weathering occurs as mentioned in the lecture. However, there is room for improvement in topic development. The speaker should focus on providing more specific examples from the lecture to support their points, such as mentioning the process of water freezing inside rocks in cold, wet environments and how plant roots grow deeper into the cracks of rocks over time. Additionally, the speaker should work on refining their language use to make their explanation clearer and more concise.

6.语言使用

Original Answer: To lecture, introduce two ways of weathering occurrence. The first weathering process refer to the process that when there are some cracks in the rock, and then in the daylight, there are some water get inside into the rocks, and then in the evening, the crack will be larger by the ice formation when the temperature was below the zero Celsius. And over the step-by-step widening, the crack is spread out by the ice. And second type of weathering refers to some plants, and the plants on top of the rock can make the root and widening the internal of cracks and get deeper in the rocks, and then spread out these rocks too.

Corrected Answer: The lecture introduces two ways of weathering occurrence. The first weathering process refers to when there are cracks in a rock, water gets inside during daylight, and then at night, these cracks enlarge due to ice formation when temperatures fall below zero Celsius. Over time, this step-by-step widening causes cracks to spread out by ice. The second type of weathering involves plants; their roots on top of rocks can widen internal cracks and grow deeper into rocks, eventually breaking them apart. (将原文中的不自然表达进行了修改，使句子结构更清晰，词汇和语法更准确。同时，删除了一些多余的词汇，使表达更简洁。)

Revised Answer (140 words): The lecture introduces two ways that weathering occurs. The first method involves water entering cracks in rocks during daylight hours. At night, when temperatures fall below zero Celsius, this water freezes and expands within these cracks. This repeated process of freezing and expansion causes cracks to widen over time, eventually leading to the rock breaking apart. The second method of weathering involves plant growth. When plants take root on top of rocks, their roots can widen internal cracks and grow deeper into the rock structure. Over time, as the roots continue to expand, they exert pressure on the rock, causing it to fracture and break apart. These two processes demonstrate how natural forces such as water and plant growth contribute to the weathering of rocks near the Earth's surface.

7.思维导图

- Weathering
  - Water entering cracks
    - Daylight hours
    - Nighttime freezing
      - Below zero Celsius
      - Ice expansion
      - Widening cracks
      - Breaking rocks apart
  - Plant growth
    - Roots on top of rocks
    - Widening internal cracks
    - Growing deeper into rocks
    - Fracturing and breaking rocks apart

8.关键词

1. Sub Scores

• Delivery: 3

• Language Use: 3

• Topic Development: 3

2. Estimated Scores

• Total Score: 23

3. Delivery The speaker's delivery is generally clear and fluid, but there are some occasional pauses and punctuation issues that need improvement. To enhance the delivery, the speaker should work on maintaining a consistent pace and reducing unnecessary pauses. Additionally, focusing on accurate pronunciation will help to avoid spelling errors in the response.

4. Topic Development The response is coherent and well-organized, with clear connections between ideas and sufficient support or examples from the lecture. However, there is room for improvement in terms of elaborating on the examples provided and ensuring that all key points are covered in detail. To improve topic development, the speaker should focus on providing more specific examples from the lecture and making sure that each point is fully explained and supported by relevant information from the lecture.

5. Language Use

Original Answer: The professor explains the two possible causes of weathering. Firstly, she talks about exposure to water What happens is that? When it rains rocks have small openings and the raindrops fall inside the rocks during night when temperature decreases the water starts to cool and eventually freezes as the Frozen water gets bigger the crack also widens which results in weathering of rocks The second cause that she talks about is the plant growth when plant seeds are dispersed inside the cracks of the Rock eventually the plant starts to grow which also leads to the formation of the roots The roots expand in search of minerals and waters which thereby causes the rock to fracture into pieces One example of this is we have all we have mostly seen large trees growing on top or surfaces of rocks This explains the plant growth can lead to weathering

Corrected Answer: The professor explains thetwo possible causes of weathering. Firstly, she talks about exposure to water. What happens is that?(unnecessary question) When it rains, rocks have small openings, and the raindrops fall inside the rocks. duringAt night when temperature decreases, the water starts to cool and eventually freezes. asAs the frozen water gets bigger, the crack also widens, which results in weathering of rocks. The second cause that she talks about is the plant growth. whenWhen plant seeds are dispersed inside the cracks of the rock, eventually the plant starts to grow, which also leads to the formation of the roots. The roots expand in search of minerals and water, which thereby causes the rock to fracture into pieces. One example of this is we have all we have mostly seenlarge trees growing on top or surfaces of rocks, which most of us have seen(rephrased for clarity). This explains thehow plant growth can lead to weathering.

Revised Answer (140 words): The professor explains two possible causes of weathering. Firstly, she discusses exposure to water. When it rains, rocks have small openings, and raindrops fall inside them. At night, when temperatures decrease, the water cools and eventually freezes. As the frozen water expands, it widens the cracks, resulting in weathering of rocks. The second cause she mentions is plant growth. When plant seeds are dispersed into rock cracks, plants start to grow and form roots. These roots expand in search of minerals and water, causing the rock to fracture into pieces. A common example is large trees growing on top or surfaces of rocks, which most of us have seen. This explanation demonstrates how plant growth can lead to weathering.

6. Mind Map

- Weathering
  - Exposure to water
    - Raindrops in rock openings
    - Freezing at night
    - Crack widening
  - Plant growth
    - Seed dispersion in rock cracks
    - Root formation and expansion
    - Rock fracturing
  - Examples
    - Large trees on rock surfaces

7. Key Words

1.子项得分

• 语言运用: 3

• 发言: 3

• 话题发展: 3

2.预估分数

• 总分: 23

3.表达 回答中的发音大部分清晰，但在某些地方可能需要更多的练习。建议练习更流畅、自然的语速，并注意在适当的地方停顿。此外，尝试减少重复词汇，以提高语言表达的丰富性。

4.话题发展 回答内容基本上是连贯和有组织的，但可以进一步改进。建议在解释天气侵蚀过程时提供更详细的例子和解释，以使回答更具说服力。同时，注意使用恰当的连接词，使句子之间的衔接更加自然。

5.语言使用

原文：Well, the first way is rocks were broken by water, because the water inside the rocks, when the temperature goes down, the water inside the rock will cause a crack. The first way is that rocks break due to water; when the temperature decreases, the water inside the rocks causes cracks.（将句子结构进行了简化，使其更自然流畅。同时，修正了语法错误。）

And when this process happens over and over again, it causes rocks to break up. As this process repeats, it leads to the fragmentation of rocks.（使用了更高级的词汇“fragmentation”，并改进了句子结构。）

And the second way is plants, when the roots of plants go inside to the rocks, such as a large tree, and the tree grows over years, making the roots bigger and deeper, leading to the rock breaking apart. The second way involves plants; as plant roots penetrate into rocks like large trees and grow over time, they become larger and deeper, causing the rock to break apart.（重新组织了句子结构，使其更清晰易懂。同时，修正了语法错误。）

根据修改建议后的回答（140字）：

The first way is that rocks break due to water; when the temperature decreases, the water inside the rocks causes cracks. As this process repeats, it leads to the fragmentation of rocks. The second way involves plants; as plant roots penetrate into rocks like large trees and grow over time, they become larger and deeper, causing the rock to break apart. These are the two ways that weathering occurs.

6.思维导图

Weathering
|
|-- Water
|   |-- Temperature decrease
|   |-- Cracks formation
|   |-- Fragmentation of rocks
|
|-- Plants
    |-- Plant roots penetration
    |-- Large trees
    |-- Growth over time
    |-- Roots become larger and deeper
    |-- Rock breaking apart

7.关键词

1.子项得分

• 交付 (Delivery): 3

• 语言使用 (Language Use): 3

• 话题发展 (Topic Development): 3

2.预估分数

• 总分: 23

3.表达 回答中的发音和语速大致清晰，但在某些地方存在轻微的停顿。建议练习更连贯、流畅的发音和语速，以便在考试中更自然地表达观点。同时，注意正确发音单词，避免拼写错误。

4.话题发展 回答内容基本上涵盖了讲座中提到的两种风化方式，并给出了相应的例子。但是，可以尝试更清晰地组织句子结构和连接词汇，使回答更加连贯。此外，在描述每种风化方式时，可以尝试提供更详细的解释和例子，以便更充分地展示对讲座内容的理解。

5.语言使用

原文：Temperature is mainly about two ways weathering occurs. There are mainly two ways in which weathering occurs due to temperature. (原句表达不够清晰，修改为更自然的表达方式) The first way is water. The first method involves water. (使用更准确的词汇描述) For example, when it rains, water will get into the rock, and during the winter, the temperature will decline, and water will freeze inside of the rock. Consequently, the expanding ice will make the rock slightly bigger, which will eventually break off the rock. The second way is plant seeds. The second method is related to plant seeds. (使用更准确的词汇描述) For instance, when plant seeds drop on the top of the rock, their roots will grow down into the rock, and over the years, due to their demand for water, their roots will expand themselves to search for water, which will cause the rock to break apart.

修订版（140字）：

There are mainly two ways in which weathering occurs due to temperature. The first method involves water. For example, when it rains, water seeps into rocks and during winter, as temperatures drop, this water freezes inside the rocks. The expansion of ice exerts pressure on the rocks' cracks and crevices, causing them to widen and eventually break apart. The second method is related to plant seeds. For instance, when seeds land on top of rocks, they take root and grow into the rocks. Over time, as the roots search for water and nutrients, they expand and exert pressure on the rocks, causing them to fracture and break apart. These two processes demonstrate how temperature plays a significant role in the weathering of rocks.

6.思维导图

Weathering
├─ Temperature
│   ├─ Water
│   │   └─ Freezing and expansion
│   └─ Plant seeds
│       └─ Root growth and pressure
└─ Examples
    ├─ Rainwater freezing in rocks
    └─ Tree roots breaking rocks apart

7.关键词

1.子项得分

• 交付 (Delivery): 3

• 语言使用 (Language Use): 3

• 主题发展 (Topic Development): 3

2.预估分数

• 总分: 23

3.表达 回答中的发音大致清晰，但在某些地方存在一些不准确的发音。例如，将 "rock" 误读为 "rug"。此外，回答中存在一些不必要的停顿。建议练习更流畅、自然的语言表达，并注意正确发音。

4.话题发展 回答内容基本上涵盖了讲座中提到的两种风化方式，但在组织和连接思路方面还有待加强。建议在解释每种风化方式时，更详细地描述过程，并使用恰当的例子来支持观点。同时，注意保持回答的连贯性和条理性。

5.语言使用

原文：Well, the first way mentioned is that water may induce weathering, like at night water may enter into the rug and at night when the temperature is low, the water freezes inside the rug repeatedly and this process can push out the outer cracks of the rug and through this repeated process, the rug will break off. Well, the first way mentioned is that water may cause weathering. For example, at night, water may seep into a rock, and when the temperature drops, the water freezes inside the rock repeatedly. This process can widen the existing cracks in the rock, and through this repeated process, pieces of the rock will break off.（将 "rug" 改为 "rock"，使语句更清晰。同时，对句子结构进行了调整，使其更自然。）

And the second way is the root, root can grow down in the rug and break the rug into fracture. The second way involves plant roots. Roots can grow down into a rock and cause it to fracture.（将 "rug" 改为 "rock"，简化了句子结构，并使用了更自然的表达方式。）

So in this way, like I mean, you can see trees grow on the rug, In this manner, you can observe trees growing on rocks,（将 "rug" 改为 "rock"，删除了不必要的词汇，使句子更简洁。）

so these are two weathering ways. thus illustrating the two weathering processes.（对句子结构进行了调整，使其更自然。）

修订版（140词）：

Well, the first way mentioned is that water may cause weathering. For example, at night, water may seep into a rock, and when the temperature drops, the water freezes inside the rock repeatedly. This process can widen the existing cracks in the rock, and through this repeated process, pieces of the rock will break off. The second way involves plant roots. Roots can grow down into a rock and cause it to fracture. In this manner, you can observe trees growing on rocks, thus illustrating the two weathering processes.

6.思维导图

• Weathering
  • Water-induced weathering
    • Nighttime
    • Water seeping into rock
    • Freezing and expanding
    • Widening cracks
    • Breaking off pieces
  • Plant root-induced weathering
    • Roots growing into rock
    • Causing fractures
    • Trees growing on rocks

7.关键词

1.子项得分

• 交付 (Delivery): 3

• 语言使用 (Language Use): 3

• 主题发展 (Topic Development): 3

2.预估分数

• 总分: 23

3.表达 回答中的语言表达较为清晰，但仍有改进的空间。建议在练习时注意提高发音的准确性，同时保持语速的稳定。在描述过程和举例时，可以适当加入一些连接词，使句子更加通顺。此外，注意避免重复使用相同的词汇，尝试使用不同的词语来表达相似的意思。

4.话题发展 回答内容基本上涵盖了讲座中提到的两种风化方式，并给出了相应的例子。但在组织结构上还可以进行优化。建议在回答开头简要介绍一下风化现象，然后分别阐述两种风化方式及其原理，并在每个部分之间使用恰当的过渡词。同时，在举例时可以尝试更详细地描述具体情景，以增强说服力。

5.语言使用

Original Answer: In the lecture, the professor explained two ways weathering occurs. First is rocks are exposed to the water and they will break apart due to the frozen water. For example, there exist open small cracks on rocks and water gets into the cracks and freezes at night. This process makes cracks bigger and bigger. Finally, the rock will break apart. Second is plants grow. This is because roots grow down into the cracks. As the tree grows up, their roots will grow down to find more food and water. And finally, the roots get bigger and deeper and the rock gets break apart.

Corrected Answer: In the lecture, the professor explained two ways in which weathering occurs. First, rocks are exposed to water, and they break apart due to freezing water. For example, small cracks exist in rocks where water enters and freezes at night. This process causes the cracks to enlarge over time. Eventually, the rock breaks apart. The second way is through plant growth because roots extend into the cracks of rocks. As trees grow taller, their roots expand deeper in search of more nutrients and water. Finally, as roots become larger and deeper, they cause the rock to break apart. (在原文中，部分句子的结构和语法需要改进。修改后的答案使用了更自然的语言风格，例如使用“in which”来引导从句，以及用“extend”和“expand”替换“grow down”。同时，对一些表述进行了调整，使其更加清晰。)

Revised 140-word Answer: In the lecture, the professor discussed two primary ways in which weathering occurs due to environmental factors. The first way involves rocks being exposed to water, which leads to their disintegration as a result of freezing water. For instance, small cracks in rocks allow water to seep in and freeze during the night. This repeated process causes the cracks to enlarge over time, ultimately leading to the rock breaking apart. The second way weathering occurs is through plant growth, specifically when roots extend into the cracks of rocks. As trees grow taller and stronger, their roots expand deeper into the rock crevices in search of more nutrients and water. Over time, as these roots become larger and penetrate deeper into the rock, they exert pressure on the rock's structure, causing it to break apart. These two processes demonstrate how weathering can occur naturally in the environment.

6.思维导图

- Weathering
  - Environmental factors
    - Water exposure
      - Freezing water
        - Small cracks in rocks
        - Water seeps in and freezes
        - Cracks enlarge over time
        - Rock breaks apart
    - Plant growth
      - Roots extending into rock cracks
        - Trees grow taller and stronger
        - Roots expand deeper for nutrients and water
        - Pressure on rock structure
        - Rock breaks apart

7.关键词

1.子项得分 Delivery: 3 Language Use: 3 Topic Development: 3

2.预估分数

23. 3.表达

从表达方面来看，这位同学的回答基本上是清晰的，语速适中，偶尔有些停顿。但在某些地方，例如“bigger fears”应该是“bigger cracks”，可能是发音不准确导致的。建议同学在发音方面多加练习，注意一些词汇的正确发音。

4.话题发展 从话题发展方面来看，这位同学的回答内容基本上是连贯和组织良好的，能够清楚地阐述两种风化现象。但在举例子时，可以尝试更详细地描述这些现象，以便更充分地支持观点。例如，在描述冻胀现象时，可以提到冰的膨胀力会使岩石裂缝逐渐扩大；在描述植物生长引起风化时，可以提到树根在寻找水分和养分时会使岩石裂缝变大。总之，在举例子时尽量详细描述现象，以便更好地支持观点。

5.语言使用

Original: The main idea is that sometimes big rocks can be divided into small pieces due to a phenomenon named weathering. The professor gives two examples of the weathering to show how air, water and some creatures can help the rocks to be divided. The first is that when rain drops down and stay on the rocks and in the winter the water may freeze. Due to the volume of ice is bigger than the water so it may cause the rock have bigger fears and after many times of that they may be divided into two parts. The second example is plants. If some trees live on the rock and due to the tree is growing and their roots are become bigger and bigger and deeper and deeper so it may cause the rock to be divided.

Corrected: The main idea is that sometimes large rocks can be broken down into smaller pieces due to a phenomenon called weathering. The professor provides two examples of weathering to demonstrate how air, water, and living organisms can contribute to breaking down rocks. The first example involves rainwater seeping into rocks, which then freezes in winter. Since ice has a larger volume than water, it causes cracks in the rock to widen, eventually breaking it apart after repeated cycles. The second example involves plants, specifically trees growing on rocks. As trees grow, their roots expand and penetrate deeper into the rock, causing it to fracture.

(原文中的“big rocks”改为“large rocks”，因为“large”更适合描述岩石的大小。将“divided”改为“broken down”，因为这个词组更符合描述风化现象。将“fears”改为“cracks”，因为这是一个拼写错误，应该是指岩石的裂缝。将“divided into two parts”改为“breaking it apart”，以更准确地描述岩石破碎的过程。)

Revised (140 words): The main idea is that large rocks can sometimes be broken down into smaller pieces due to a phenomenon called weathering. The professor provides two examples of weathering to demonstrate how air, water, and living organisms contribute to breaking down rocks. The first example involves rainwater seeping into cracks in rocks and freezing during winter. Since ice has a larger volume than water, it causes the cracks in the rock to widen, eventually breaking the rock apart after repeated cycles. The second example involves plants, specifically trees growing on rocks. As trees grow, their roots expand and penetrate deeper into the rock, causing it to fracture. Over time, this process leads to the disintegration of the rock, illustrating how both water and plant growth contribute to the weathering process.

6.思维导图

Weathering
├─ Large rocks
│   └─ Broken down into smaller pieces
├─ Examples
│   ├─ Rainwater and freezing
│   │   ├─ Seeping into cracks
│   │   ├─ Ice expansion
│   │   └─ Cracks widening and breaking apart
│   └─ Plant growth (trees)
│       ├─ Roots expanding and penetrating rocks
│       └─ Causing rocks to fracture
└─ Contributing factors
    ├─ Air
    ├─ Water
    └─ Living organisms

7.关键词

1.子项得分

• 交付：2

• 语言使用：2

• 话题发展：3

2.预估分数

• 19

3.表达 从交付方面来看，发言者的语速较快，有时不太清晰。建议发言者放慢语速，注意发音的准确性，以便更清晰地表达观点。此外，适当地加入停顿，以便让听众更好地理解所表达的内容。

4.话题发展 从话题发展方面来看，发言者成功地提到了两种风化过程：冰冻和植物生长。然而，在解释这些过程时，发言者没有充分利用听力材料中的例子。建议发言者在描述这些过程时更详细地使用听力材料中的例子，以便更清晰地解释风化是如何发生的。例如，在谈到冰冻过程时，可以提到水在低温下结冰并膨胀，导致岩石破裂；在谈到植物生长过程时，可以提到树木根系在岩石裂缝中寻找水分和养分，并随着时间推移导致岩石破裂。

5.语言使用

Original Answer: The professor introduced weathering occur It's pointing out the two example first in the cold area the rock will break a small crack and when the rain fall down to the to the small crack and And then it will float and it will make the crack bigger So the rock will break off second example is about the plant when the plant seeds fall into the rock's crack and its roots will deeper to the ground to search for the water and when the Seeds grow to become a large large tree and their roots will in search for water and they will Down more deep that will cause the rock finally break off

Corrected Answer: The professor introduced weathering occur weathering, explaining (将"occur"改为"explaining"使句子更自然) two examples. first First, (添加逗号) in cold areas, rocks can develop small cracks. When rainwater seeps into these cracks, it can freeze, causing the cracks to expand and eventually break off pieces of the rock. The second example involves plant growth. When plant seeds land in a rock's crack, their roots grow deeper into the ground in search of water. As these plants mature into large trees, their expanding root systems can cause rocks to fracture and break apart.

Revised Answer (140 words): The professor introduced weathering, explaining two examples of how it occurs. First, in cold areas, rocks can develop small cracks due to temperature fluctuations. When rainwater seeps into these cracks, it can freeze at night, causing the cracks to expand as ice forms. This process repeats over time, eventually breaking off pieces of the rock. The second example involves plant growth. When plant seeds land in a rock's crack, their roots grow deeper into the ground in search of water and nutrients. As these plants mature into large trees, their expanding root systems can exert pressure on the rock, causing it to fracture and break apart. Both of these examples demonstrate how natural processes, such as freezing water and plant growth, contribute to the weathering of rocks.

6.思维导图

Weathering
├─ Example 1: Cold Areas
│   ├─ Small cracks in rocks
│   ├─ Rainwater seeps into cracks
│   └─ Freezing water expands, breaking off rock pieces
└─ Example 2: Plant Growth
    ├─ Plant seeds in rock cracks
    ├─ Roots grow deeper for water and nutrients
    └─ Expanding root systems fracture rocks

7.关键词