TOEFL TPO -1 Writing Task 1 Sample: Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they opposed the specific points made in the reading passage.

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In most species of deer, the males have antlers. These bony, branching structures atop the animal's head begin growing in the spring and continue developing throughout the summer and fall. Starting in late winter the antlers drop off, and the cycle starts all over again in the spring. Why deer grow antlers has long been a source of speculation. Below are three theories about the function of deer antlers. First, some biologists have proposed that the antlers' main function is to help the animal dissipate excess body heat. It is thought that wind blowing through the antlers cools the blood circulating in them. Antlers contain many blood vessels while they are growing, and a large volume of blood can fill them. Consequently, the antlers allow a lot of blood to be cooled by breezes, keeping the animal from overheating. A second theory is that antlers -hard, pointy structures - evolved for defense against predators. Animals that evolved horns, a bony structure similar to antlers, clearly use them in self-defense. Just as bulls and male goats use their horns to combat would-be attackers, deer may use their antlers to defend themselves against animals that try to harm them. According to p third theory, antlers function as a signal used by male deer to communicate their dominance to each other. Specifically, large-size antlers are believed to signal superior strength. According to this theory, males with large antlers are perceived as dominant by males with smaller antlers. Signaling through antlers is supposed to prevent unnecessary fights according to the theory, when two males confront each other, the one with the smaller antlers will walk away rather than engage in a physical fight against a stronger rival.

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Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they opposed the specific points made in the reading passage.

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The lecturer contends that theories showing the purposes of deer growing antlers are not convincing, as mentioned in the reading. The professor systematically rebuts these three theories and states why they are faulty. First, the lecturer states that if the antlers' function is to help deer to cool down, there is no reason to keep these antlers after the summer over. Also, lots of deer grow the antlers in winter. Moreover, the dears lived in the hottest place grow the smallest antler; the deer lived in the coldest place grow the largest antler. For this evidence, we can see that antlers for keeping deer overheating does not make any sense. This directly refutes the reading passage, which states that the antlers are utilized for cooling down the body heat of dears. In addition, the professor points out that there is no female dears has antlers. This cannot be stood for defensive function since every female dears has to protect young. Also, deer use the different way to defense predators. The main predator of dears is wolf. Lots of indications proved that wolves' legs often injured. Deer tend to use the method of kicking to defense enemies. This point negates the reading that deer use antlers to protect themselves. Lastly, the lecturer mentions that through observation, it is clear to see that when two male dears confront, they do not use antlers as a means to deliver the signal of dominating. The two male dears would walk up and down and grown. At last, until the one of the dears leave, the other dear will dominance this area. Additionally, it appears that the dear who has larger antler will walk away. This differs from the reading passage’s claim that male deer’s antlers were used to make signal of dominating.

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1.子项得分任务完成度: 4 组织: 4 连贯与衔接: 4 语言使用: 3

2.预估分数

25. 3.任务完成度

总体来说，你的文章在任务完成度方面表现得相当不错。你成功地总结了听力部分的观点，并对阅读部分提出的理论进行了反驳。然而，有一些地方可以改进以更好地满足任务要求。首先，尝试使用更多的同义词或短语来避免重复使用相同的词汇。其次，在解释听力观点时，尽量提供更详细的信息和例子。

示例1：原文：The lecturer contends that theories showing the purposes of deer growing antlers are not convincing, as mentioned in the reading. 改进：The lecturer argues that the theories presented in the reading passage regarding the reasons for deer growing antlers are unconvincing.

示例2：原文：This directly refutes the reading passage, which states that the antlers are utilized for cooling down the body heat of dears. 改进：This directly contradicts the reading passage's claim that antlers serve to dissipate excess body heat in deer.

4.文章结构与组织你的文章结构清晰，包括引言、主体和结论。每个段落都集中讨论了一个特定的观点和支持细节。然而，在组织方面仍有改进空间。首先，尝试在段落之间使用更明确的过渡词或短语。其次，在引言部分简要介绍阅读和听力材料的主题，以便为读者提供背景信息。

示例1：原文：The lecturer contends that theories showing the purposes of deer growing antlers are not convincing, as mentioned in the reading. 改进：In the lecture, the speaker challenges the three theories presented in the reading passage about the functions of deer antlers.

示例2：原文：In addition, the professor points out that there is no female dears has antlers. 改进：Furthermore, the professor highlights that female deer do not possess antlers.

5. 语法批改

The lecturer contends that theories showing the purposes of deer growing antlers are not convincing, as mentioned in the reading. The professor systematically rebuts these three theories and states why they are faulty.

First, the lecturer states that if the antlers' function is to help deer to cool down, there is no reason to keep these antlers after the summer over. Also, lots of deer grow the antlers in winter. Moreover, the dears lived in the hottest place grow the smallest antler; the deer lived in the coldest place grow the largest antler. For this evidence, we can see that antlers for keeping deer overheating does not make any sense. This directly refutes the reading passage, which states that the antlers are utilized for cooling down the body heat of dears.

In addition, the professor points out that there is no female dears has antlers. This cannot be stood for defensive function since ~~every female dears~~all female dears('each' or 'every' with plural nouns) has to protect young. Also, deer use the different way to defense predators. The main predator of dears is wolf. Lots of indications proved that wolves' legs often injured. Deer tend to use the method of kicking to defense enemies. This point negates the reading that deer use antlers to protect themselves.

Lastly, the lecturer mentions that through observation, it is clear to see that when two male dears confront, they do not use antlers as a means to deliver the signal of dominating. The two male dears would walk up and down and grown. At last, until the one of the dears leave, the other dear will ~~dominance~~[No Replacement Word Found](missing verb after 'will/can/could/would') this area. Additionally, it appears that the dear who has ~~larger~~a larger(This rule identifies whether the article 'a' is missing in a sentence.) antler will walk away. This differs from the reading passage’s claim that male deer’s antlers were used to make ~~signal~~a signal(This rule identifies whether the article 'a' is missing in a sentence.) of dominating.

Section Title: 6.文章修订

The lecturer contends that the theories presented in the reading passage regarding the purposes of deer growing antlers are not convincing. The professor systematically rebuts these three theories and states why they are faulty.

First, the lecturer states that if the antlers' function is to help deer cool down, there is no reason for them to keep these antlers after summer is over. Moreover, many deer grow their antlers in winter. Additionally, deer living in hotter regions tend to have smaller antlers, while those in colder regions often have larger ones. This evidence contradicts the reading passage's claim that antlers are utilized for dissipating excess body heat.

In addition, the professor points out that female deer do not have antlers, which challenges the defensive function theory since female deer need to protect their young. Furthermore, deer use a different method to defend against predators; they tend to kick their main predator - wolves - causing injuries to them. This point negates the reading's assertion that deer use their antlers for self-defense.

Lastly, the lecturer mentions that through observation, it is clear that when two male deer confront each other, they do not use their antlers as a means of signaling dominance. Instead, they walk up and down and make grunting noises until one of them leaves, establishing dominance over the area. Interestingly, it appears that the deer with larger antlers will often walk away without engaging in a fight. This observation contradicts the reading passage's claim that male deer use their antlers as a signal of dominance. (260 words)

The lecturer contends that the theories ~~showing~~ presented in the reading passage regarding the purposes of deer growing antlers are not ~~convincing, as mentioned in the reading.~~ convincing. The professor systematically rebuts these three theories and states why they are ~~faulty.~~ faulty (The revised sentence is more concise and clear).

First, the lecturer states that if the antlers' function is to help deer to cool down, there is no reason for them to keep these antlers after ~~the~~ summer ~~over. Also, lots of~~ is over (Changed "the summer over" to "summer is over" for better grammar). Moreover, many deer grow the antlers in winter. Moreover, the dears lived in the hottest place grow the smallest antler; the deer lived in the coldest place grow the largest antler. For this evidence, we can see that antlers for keeping deer overheating does not make any sense. their antlers in winter (Changed "lots of deer" to "many deer" for a more formal tone). Additionally, deer living in hotter regions tend to have smaller antlers, while those in colder regions often have larger ones (Rephrased sentence for clarity). This ~~directly refutes the reading passage, which states that the~~ evidence contradicts the reading passage's claim that antlers are utilized for ~~cooling down the~~ dissipating excess body heat ~~of dears.~~ (Clarified what aspect of the reading passage this evidence contradicts).

In addition, the professor points out that ~~there is no~~ female ~~dears has antlers. This cannot be stood for~~ deer do not have antlers, which challenges the defensive function theory since ~~every~~ female ~~dears has~~ deer need to protect ~~young. Also,~~ their young (Clarified and rephrased sentence). Furthermore, deer use ~~the~~ a different ~~way to defense predators. The~~ method to defend against predators; they tend to kick their main predator ~~of dears is wolf. Lots of indications proved that wolves' legs often injured. Deer tend to use the method of kicking to defense enemies.~~ - wolves - causing injuries to them (Rephrased sentence for clarity). This point negates the ~~reading~~ reading's assertion that deer use ~~antlers to protect themselves.~~ their antlers for self-defense (Clarified what aspect of the reading this point negates).

Lastly, the lecturer mentions that through observation, it is clear ~~to see~~ that when two male ~~dears confront,~~ deer confront each other, they do not use their antlers as a means ~~to deliver the signal of dominating. The two male dears would~~ of signaling dominance (Rephrased sentence for clarity). Instead, they walk up and down and ~~grown. At last,~~ make grunting noises until ~~the~~ one of ~~the dears leave, the other dear will~~ them leaves, establishing dominance ~~this area. Additionally,~~ over the area (Clarified actions taken by male deer during confrontation). Interestingly, it appears that the ~~dear who has~~ deer with larger ~~antler~~ antlers will often walk ~~away.~~ away without engaging in a fight (Added "without engaging in a fight" for clarity). This ~~differs from the reading passage’s~~ observation contradicts the reading passage's claim that male ~~deer’s antlers were used to make~~ deer use their antlers as a signal of ~~dominating.~~dominance (Clarified what aspect of the reading passage this observation contradicts).

8. Mind Map

Mind Map:

- Introduction
  - Reading passage: three theories on deer antlers
  - Lecturer: refutes these theories

- Body
  - Theory 1: Cooling function
    - Antlers kept after summer
    - Deer grow antlers in winter
    - Hotter regions, smaller antlers; colder regions, larger antlers
  - Theory 2: Defensive function
    - Female deer lack antlers but need to protect young
    - Deer kick predators (e.g., wolves) instead of using antlers for defense
  - Theory 3: Signaling dominance
    - Male deer confrontation: walking and grunting, not using antlers to signal dominance
    - Larger-antlered deer often walk away without fighting 

- Conclusion 
  - Lecturer successfully refutes all three theories from the reading passage

9. Keywords

Word	Phonetic Symbol	Part of Speech	English Definition	Simplified Chinese Translation	Sample Sentence
Contend	kənˈtɛnd	Verb	To argue or assert something	主张	The lecturer contends that the theories are not convincing.
Dissipate	dɪˈsɪpeɪt	Verb	To disperse or scatter	消散	The reading passage claims that antlers are used to dissipate excess body heat.
Contradict	kənˈtrædɪkt	Verb	To assert the opposite of a statement	反驳	This evidence contradicts the reading passage's claim.
Negate	nɪˈɡeɪt	Verb	To nullify or make ineffective	取消	This point negates the reading's assertion that deer use their antlers for self-defense.
Confrontation	kənˌfrʌnˈteɪʃən	Noun	A hostile or argumentative meeting or situation	对抗	When two male deer have a confrontation, they do not use their antlers as a means of signaling dominance.
Grunt	ɡrʌnt	Verb/Noun	To make a low, short sound; a low, short sound	咕哝	They walk up and down and make grunting noises until one of them leaves.
Engage	ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ	Verb	To participate or become involved in	参与	The deer with larger antlers will often walk away without engaging in a fight.
Assertion	_əˈsɜrʃən	_Noun	_A confident and forceful statement of fact	_断言	_The lecturer challenges the reading passage's assertions about the purpose of deer antlers.
Predators	_ˈprɛdətər	_Noun	_An animal that naturally preys on others	_捕食者	_Deer need to defend themselves against predators like wolves.
Dominance	_ˈdämənəns	_Noun	_Power and influence over others	_支配地位	_The reading passage claims that male deer use their antlers as a signal of dominance.

Section Title: 6. Article Revision

The lecturer contends that the theories presented in the reading passage regarding the purposes of deer growing antlers are not convincing. The professor systematically rebuts these three theories and states why they are faulty.

First, the lecturer states that if the antlers' function is to help deer cool down, there is no reason for them to keep these antlers after summer is over. Moreover, many deer grow their antlers in winter. Additionally, deer living in hotter regions tend to have smaller antlers, while those in colder regions often have larger ones. This evidence contradicts the reading passage's claim that antlers are utilized for dissipating excess body heat.

In addition, the professor points out that female deer do not have antlers, which challenges the defensive function theory since female deer need to protect their young. Furthermore, deer use a different method to defend against predators; they tend to kick their main predator - wolves - causing injuries to them. This point negates the reading's assertion that deer use their antlers for self-defense.

Lastly, the lecturer mentions that through observation, it is clear that when two male deer confront each other, they do not use their antlers as a means of signaling dominance. Instead, they walk up and down and make grunting noises until one of them leaves, establishing dominance over the area. Interestingly, it appears that the deer with larger antlers will often walk away without engaging in a fight. This observation contradicts the reading passage's claim that male deer use their antlers as a signal of dominance.